Which philosopher was selected by a great king to be tutor to his son, who became one of the great conquerors of history?

At the trial of Socrates, there was a list of charges that included which of the following?

Because Socrates did not leave behind any writings, his students and contemporaries are the best source of information about him. Which of his students is viewed as the best source of information about Socrates?

St. Augustine was a Roman Catholic bishop of which city?

Between the years 1266 and 1273, St Thomas Aquinas worked on a massive collection of philosophical and theological works. What was the name given to this unfinished piece of literature that pondered over God, creation and morality?

Aristotle was one of many philosophers who were interested in harmony. The philosophical idea of harmony in this context is being metaphorically equidistant from the two polar extremes of excess and deficiency. What was this middle point of harmony known as?

Much of the work by Aristotle was influenced by the concept of teleology and from this he would go on to develop philosophies of, amongst other things, evolutionary biology. What is teleology the concept of?

"The soul of man is immortal and imperishable."

"Democracy passes into despotism."

"Behold! Human beings living in an underground den... Like ourselves... They see only their own shadows, or the shadows of one another, which the fire throws on the opposite wall of the cave."

From which philosopher's writings are these quotes taken?

In the Socrates paradoxes, what does Socrates say is "knowledge", and "sufficient for happiness"?