The Muisca (also called Chibcha) are an indigenous people and culture of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, ______, that formed the Muisca Confederation before the Spanish conquest.

Pollen data compiled in 1980 shows considerable deforestation and the use of cultigens such as _____ and ____ since possibly 1200 BC.

Ethnohistorical data shows that initial contact with the _________ was tolerated by the Tairona; but by 1600 AD confrontations grew, and a small part of the Tairona population moved to the higher stretches of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.

The archaeological sequence of the region spans from approximately 200 BC to the 17th century , when the Tairona were forcibly integrated into the _______________ Encomienda system.

The ________ was a labor system instituted by the Spanish crown in the American colonies. In this system, a Spanish "encomendero" was granted a number of native laborers who would pay tributes to him in exchange for his protection.

The ___________ chronologies range from 200 BCE to 1650 CE, and the Caribbean coast of Colombia has evidence of ceramics from at least 2500 BCE.

The Tairona civilization is most renowned for its distinctive __________. The earliest known Tairona ___________ has been described for the Neguanje Period (from about 300 to 800 AD).

The gold artifacts consist of pendants, lip-plugs, nose ornaments, necklaces, and earrings. The Tairona cast a meltable mixture of gold, silver and copper called ______ into intricate moulds using clay, sand, charcoal and lost wax.

_______ is a common generic term for valuable, green-hued minerals and metamorphosed igneous rocks and stones which early cultures used in the fashioning of hardstone carvings such as jewelry, statuettes, ritual tools, and various other artifacts.