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Known foremost for its durability, hardness and toughness.

This is a type of constructionwhere people can establish a business, no matter the location.

The use od unfinished concrete is known as....

What is name given to the process of removing deffects (such as moisture) in wood?

The name given to the building that consists of more than two levels is...

READING. INSTRUCTIONS: Read each short paragraph and answer the questions below.

CONCRETE

Concrete has one considerable advantage over stone, which is that it is available in semiliquid form during the building process and this has three important consequences. Firstly, it means that other materials can be incorporated into it easily to augment its properties. The most important of these is steel in the form of thin reinforcing bars which give the resulting composite material (reinforced concrete) tensile and therefore

bending strength as well as compressive strength. Secondly, the availability of concrete in liquid form allows it to be cast into a wide variety of shapes. Thirdly, the casting process allows very effective connections to be provided between elements and the resulting structural

continuity greatly enhances the efficiency of the structure.

What does the author imply in this excerpt?

Read the following passage and answer the question.

TIMBER

The fact of timber having been a living organism is responsible for the nature of its physical properties. The parts of the tree which are used for structural timber – the heartwood and sapwood of the trunk – have a structural function in the living tree and therefore have,

in common with most organisms, very good structural properties. The material is composed of long fibrous cells aligned parallel to the original tree trunk and therefore to the grain which results from the annual rings. The material of the cell walls gives timber its strength and the fact that its constituent elements are of low atomic weight is responsible for its low density. The lightness in

weight of timber is also due to its cellular internal structure which produces element cross-sections which are permanently ‘improved’.

What can we infer from the passage?

THE ACROPOLIS

In ancient Athens, Pericles ordered the construction of several major temples on the acropolis. Among these was a temple, the Parthenon, which many consider the finest example of Greek architecture.

Built as a tribute to Athena, the goddess of wisdom for whom the city-state Athens was named, the Parthenon is a marvel of design, featuring massive columns contrasting with subtle details. Three different types of columns can be found in ancient Greek architecture. Whether the Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian style was used depended on the region and the purpose of the structure being built. Many barely noticeable enhancements to the design of the Parthenon contribute to its overall beauty and balance. For example, each column is slightly wider in the middle than at its base and top. The columns are also spaced closer together near the corners of the temple and farther apart toward the middle. In addition, the temple's steps curve somewhat — lower on the sides and highest in the middle of each step.

What does the author mean with "Three different types of columns can be found in ancient Greek architecture"?

EGYPT AND ARCHITECTURE.

In ancient Egypt, powerful rulers constructed monumental pyramids, temples, and shrines. Far from primitive, enormous structures such as the Pyramids of Giza were feats of engineering capable of reaching great heights. Wood was not widely available in the arid Egyptian landscape. Houses in ancient Egypt were made with blocks of sun-baked mud. Flooding of the Nile River and the ravages of time destroyed most of these ancient homes. Much of what we know about ancient Egypt is based on great temples and tombs, which were made with granite and limestone and decorated with hieroglyphics, carvings, and brightly colored frescoes. The ancient Egyptians didn't use mortar, so the stones were carefully cut to fit together.

Builders in ancient Egypt didn't use load-bearing arches. Instead, columns were placed close together to support the heavy stone entablature above. Brightly painted and elaborately carved, the columns often mimicked palms, papyrus plants, and other plant forms. Over the centuries, at least thirty distinct column styles evolved. As the Roman Empire occupied these lands, both Persian and Egyptian columns have influenced Western architecture.

According to the passage, what were the primarily building materials and structural materials used in the ancient Egypt?