Something that motivates a person into action.

1882 law that barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already in this country from becoming citizens

Journalist who wrote about the American immigrant. "How the Other Half Lives."

A philosophy based on Charles Darwin's theories of evolution and natural selection, asserting that humans have developed through competition and natural selection with only the strongest surviving.

The person in control of a political machine.

Hostility toward immigrants by native-born people.

One who enters and becomes established in a country other than that of his or her original nationality.

Multifamily apartments, usually dark, crowded, and barely meeting minimum living standards.

The belief that no matter what a person's background is, he or she can still become successful through effort

*A novel by Mark Twain

* The refers to something that looks good on the surface but is rotten underneath. Twain used the phrase to describe the period between 1870 and 1890 where many became rich and new gadgets were invented but others suffered.

Cramped quarters on a ship's lower decks for passengers paying the lowest fares

The scientific theory that humans and other forms of life have evolved over time.

A very tall building.

Urged wealthy Americans to use their fortunes to create conditions that would help people help themselves--schools, hospitals, libraries. Advocated by Andrew Carnegie.

Providing money to support humanitarian or social goals.

The acquisition of money in dishonest ways, as in bribing a politician.

To make a document available to the general public.

The process of acquiring or causing a person to acquire American traits and characteristics.

A movement that encouraged people to help the poor combining faith and reform. YMCA, Salvation Army, and settlement houses.

An ongoing increase in prices and decrease in the value of money.

A political movement founded in the 1890s representing mainly farmers that favored free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other large industries.

An institution located in a poor neighborhood that provided numerous community services such as medical care, child care, libraries and classes in English.

an organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government.

An ongoing decrease in prices and an increase in the value of money.

A unit of paper currency first issued by the federal government during the Civil War.

A note issued by the government that promises to pay off a loan with interest.

The failure of the Alliance led to an effort to gain political reform by forming a third party advocating Omaha Platform-- 8hr workday, graduated income tax, secret ballot, pro-silver coinage. Gained power in West/Midwest at state level in 1890's but failed to advance at federal level and died out after election of 1896. Many of its ideas eventually became plank items of Democrat party.

Paper money used as a medium of exchange.

A store where farmers buy products from each other; an enterprise owned and operated by those who use its services.

When Grange fell apart the Alliance stepped up in the 1890's with 1.5 to 3 million members primarily in South and Central US (KS, NB, ND, SD) Encouraged cooperatives to negotiate better railroads by operating their own exchanges. Exchanges failed.

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910.

To execute, by hanging, without lawful approval.

A plan or method for achieving a goal.

A tax based on the net income of an individual or business and which taxes different income levels at different rates.

Chicago architect who is credited for the design of skyscrapers

A tax of fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote.

Statutes enacted to enforce segregation.

The separation or isolation of a race, class, or group.

Different treatment or preference on a basis other than individual merit.

A tiny New York Harbor island which served as the processing center for many immigrants arriving on the East Coast after 1892.

* A social reformer and leader in the settlement house movement

* Founded Hull House in Chicago--most famous settlement house in the U.S.

California processing center opened in 1910 for most immigrants from Asia in San Francisco.

Republican presidential candidate from Ohio who ran a Front Porch campaign and won election of 1896. Supported by big business

New York City party boss who defended honest graft. He used political influence to steer contracts to his organization.

Pen name for Samuel Clemens. Wrote Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Humorist and commentator on American life. Coined term "gilded age."

Head of New York's powerful Democratic political machine Tammany Hall. Stole millions of dollars from New York City

He is an example of the corruption in government in the late 1800s. Americans began to demand change and better government which led to the prosecution of corrupt public officials

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley.

African-American journalist who led the fight against lynching