A segment of a DNA strand is shown.

Which of these is the correct complementary DNA strand for the segment shown?

Which part of a DNA molecule is responsible for the direct coding of specific traits in an organism?

Students are given data from an investigation which identified some of the chemical elements in four samples. Which sample was most likely DNA?

Which of these compounds are found in the cells of all living organisms?

A table of four types of carbohydrates is shown.

Which list correctly matches the functions to the types of carbohydrates?

Transmembrane proteins span the width of cell membranes. Four types of transmembrane proteins are shown in a section of cell membrane.

Although these proteins have different specific functions, they all -

Two biomolecules are shown.

Which of the following best describes these biomolecules?

Students were given a list of seven elements and asked to identify the four elements that are most abundant in biomolecules. Which table correctly identifies the four most-abundant elements in biomolecules?

Proteins and carbohydrates have many functions in the body of an organism. Specific proteins and carbohydrates perform specific tasks. Information about a protein and a carbohydrates is given.

How are ferritin and glycogen similar in their primary functions for an organism?

Which of these best represents a fatty-acid molecule?

Enzymes are proteins that have a three dimensional shape that is specific to a particular substrate. Environmental conditions can change the shape of the protein.

What is the most likely result if the shape of the enzyme changes?

Taq polymerase is an enzyme used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to replicate fragments of DNA. A study published in 1976 examined the properties of Taq polymerase after the enzyme was isolated from Thermus aquaticus, a thermophilic bacterium that lives in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. The graph shows one of the results of the study.

Which statement about enzyme activity is best supported by this graph?

Some foods that are rich in complex carbohydrates can be difficult to digest. Gas often forms as the foods are slowly digested by bacteria in the large intestine. The advertisement is for a nutritional supplement that prevents intestinal gas.

Which of the following represents evidence that could be used to support the claims about this product?

A biomolecule has the elements CHONP. Which molecule does this have to be?

A biomolecule has the elements CHO. Which biomolecule does this have to be?

An amino acid is the monomer of a ...

The picture shown is the monomer of a ...

The picture shown is the monomer of a ...

Large molecules made of smaller molecules connected by covalent bonds.

The process of breaking down a polymer into monomers and splitting a water molecule in the process.

The process of building a polymer from monomer molecules, which removes water from the molecules.

Which of the base pairs are correctly arranged?

Which of these base pairs are correctly arranged?

Which of the answers is the monomer of a lipid?

How does DNA code for traits?

Proteins which speed up chemical reactions in the body.

Chemicals which are changed after interacting with a catalyst in the cell.

Accelerate the rate of chemical reactions in the body.

Enzymes can be damaged by these things and be unable to perform essential chemical reactions?

Which of the following are differences in the structure between RNA and DNA

Which organelle is the location where protein is made?

Insertion, deletion, and substitution are all examples of a change in a genetic sequence which is also referred to as (a)

During transcription, this type of ribonucleic acid is responsible for copying the DNA and brining it out of the nucleus.

When these bond together, they form a protein

These building blocks consist of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base.

A string of nucleotides that contain the information to make a specific protein

During translation, this type of ribonucleic acid is responsible for delivering amino acids to help make a protein.

There are a total of ____ different amino acids

mRNA occurs during this process

How many amino acids are found on one tRNA?

Which of the following is the complementary mRNA sequence to this DNA strand: AACTGAA

Which of the following is the tRNA that will be used to decode to this DNA strand: AACTGA

A model of a biological process is shown.

What is the purpose of this process?

Different types of mutations can occur in DNA. The diagram represents a type of mutation.

Which statement describes the mutation in the diagram?

Which of these is the direct result of an error in the transcription of a DNA nucleotide?

Mutations within the DNA sequence of an organism can —

The table shows a DNA sequence and three types of mutations that can change the DNA sequence.

Which mutation will cause a silent mutation?

In the 1960s the molecular biologist George Streisinger developed the strand-slippage hypothesis. Streisinger noticed that mutations occurred in areas of DNA that contained many repeated sequences. When a strand-slippage error occurs, an insertion mutation can result. How does the insertion mutation affect the DNA?

A segment of DNA produces methionine, threonine, histidine, aspartate, and glycine when translated. A substitution mutation occurs and causes the synthesis of the segment as shown.

Which is the new peptide chain when the new DNA segment is translated?

Sickle-shaped red blood cells result from a mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin. This mutation results in sickle-cell anemia. A partial sequence of bases from a normal hemoglobin gene and a sequence that results in sickle-cell anemia are shown below.

What type of mutation is depicted in this sequence?

The initial steps in gene expression are modeled below. Double-stranded DNA first unwinds into two strands.

Which process and product are missing in the diagrams?

Which of the following shows a mutation that does not change the shape or the chemical nature of the protein so that it still functions normally?

Which of these changes to the DNA triplet 3’ GCT 5’ will affect the protein produced?

Which of the following polypeptides is coded for by the mRNA sequence ^5'AUGGUUAAACGACAAUCC^3'?

The process represented in the diagram produces a molecule that is complementary to the template strand of DNA. What type of molecule is produced?

Which mutation would change the greatest number of amino acids in a protein?

Part of an important cellular process involving a DNA strand is modeled below.

What is the purpose of this cellular process?

The disease sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin protein. The code for glutamic acid has a mutation in one nucleotide that changes it to the code for valine. Which choice correctly shows this mutation?

According to the RNA Codon Chart, which of the following statements is true?

A DNA strand has a nucleotide sequence of TTA TGC TCC TAA for a gene segment. What is the amino acid sequence of the complementary mRNA strand of this DNA strand ?

What is the correct amino acid sequence that is coded from the RNA sequence UGGCAGAUU?

For which amino acid sequence does the RNA sequence UUUCCUCAA code?

Original mRNA Mutated mRNA

AGAUCGAGU ACAUCGAGU

The original mRNA strand above contains three codons. Which of the following changes would be expected in the resulting amino acid chain if the mutation shown above occurred?

Study the sentences describing the steps in in the above process. Which sequence places the steps in the correct order?

1. Transfer RNA picks up individual amino acids and carries them to the ribosome.

2. Ribosomal RNA bonds mRNA and tRNA.

3. A single strand of DNA serves as a template for making mRNA.

4. Messenger RNA carries the sequence of nucleotides to the ribosomes.

5. A protein is synthesized.

The complementary mRNA strand of a gene segment is CUGCGGCAGGUGGUGUAG.

How many amino acids will result from the translation of the given mRNA strand?

In the process of translation, the ribosome is the site where —

The chart below shows some of the mRNA codons and their corresponding amino acids.

Asp - Trp - Ile - Ile

Which of the following base sequences would code for the amino acid sequence shown above?

Students use a microscope to look for structures present in four different cells. The students placed an X for each structure that was viewed for each cell on the table shown.

Which cell that was viewed is most likely a prokaryote?

You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. How should these cells be classified?

Which of the following forms of life is NOT a eukaryote?

Which of the following is a major difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?

Some ribosomes float free in the cytoplasm, while other ribosomes are attached to which of the following organelles?

When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents into the cell. What will be the likely consequence for the cell?

When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents into the cell. What will be the likely consequence for the cell?

The Rough ER plays a major role in the processing of which of the following biological molecules?

What is the part of the cell marked by the arrow?

Place the following levels of organization in the correct order from simplest to most complex.

Where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell?

Which of the following structures would NOT be found in your body cells?

Why are chloroplasts found in plant cells but NOT in animal cells?

Imagine that a protein produced in the cell that is going to exit the cell. Which of the following would be your pathway through the cell?

What type of cell is pictured?

What is the name of organelle F?

What is the name of organelle D?

Which organelle breaks down food to release energy?

What is the function of the tiny dot-like structures in letter H?

A prokaryotic cell has which of the following?

A prokaryotic cell has which of the following?

Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?

The muscle cells shown above require large amounts of energy. A muscle cell might contain large numbers of -

Why is the sensation of thirst important to maintaining homeostasis?

Why does pulse rate increase during exercise?

Structures in a cell that have specialized jobs.

Similar concept to organs for the human body.

Group of tissues with similar functions.

Group of organs with similar functions.

Organisms who are members of the same species in an ecosystem.

Photosynthesis occurs in the _______ of _____ cells.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both.....

In photosynthesis, _____ energy is converted to ______ energy.

Which of the following is the correct formula for photosynthesis.

Plants take in _____ and give off _______.

Cellular respiration takes place in the ________ of cells.

Which of the following is the word equation for cellular respiration?

The source of all energy for life on Earth is the ________.

The basis for all life on Earth is ________.

What organisms undergo cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration help to cycle ________ through ecosystems.

This reaction occurs in photosynthesis.

6C0₂ + 6H₂O + light energy >>>>>> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

_{This reaction is beneficial to plants because...}

Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is formed from glucose and stored in the liver and muscle cells. Which biomolecule is glycogen?

Which statement accurately describes the energy needs for photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Which statement accurately describes the energy needs for photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Which of the following correctly describes how a diagram of cellular respiration would differ from a diagram of photosynthesis?

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, energy is stored in the compounds ATP and NADPH. A second set of reactions uses this stored energy to produce vital compounds such as glucose. This second set of reactions involves a biochemical pathway called

Which statement describes the relationship between the reactants of photosynthesis and the products of cellular respiration?

Which elements are found in a molecule of glucose?

When ATP loses a phosphorus group it becomes...

NADP+ becomes _____________ when energy is added.

Cellular respiration takes place in _____ stages.

The Krebs cycle takes place in the stoma of the mitochondria and is also called the __________.

Which process has oxygen as a product and which has oxygen as a reactant?

Which statement accurately describes the role of key organelles in energy transfer?

The concept map below shows the flow of energy and materials in photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Which molecules are represented in the figure by the number 2?

Cells can generate as many as 36 to 38 molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the metabolism of one molecule of glucose.

Which cellular process results in this amount of ATP production?

A student set up the experiment seen in the picture. How will they collect data from this experiment?

Which of these statements best explains the process of energy conversion that takes place in the mitochondria?

The part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to the light-independent reaction.

In what phase of the cell cycle does the nucleus disappear?

In what phase of the cell cycle does the nucleus re-appear?

In what phase of the cell cycle do the spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes?

In what phase of the cell cycle do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

What phase is pictured?

What phase is shown here?

What phase is shown here?

What phase is shown here?

What phase is shown here?

When cells lose their ability to regulate the cell cycle, they can divide at an accelerated rate and form a mass of cells. This mass of cells is referred to as —

Which table shows two steps of DNA replication?

The karyotype, or chromosomal profile, for humans is shown. A karyotype can be used to investigate genetic disorders.

The chemical colchicine is used in the production of karyotypes. Colchicine prevents spindle fibers from forming during the cell cycle.

What is a result of preventing spindle fibers from forming?

Cells pass through a checkpoint before entering mitosis. Ideally, if DNA damage is 2 detected, the cells do not enter mitosis until the damage is repaired. Why is DNA damage repaired before cells enter mitosis?

Scientists can bioengineer skin in a laboratory to treat severe burns and other types of skin injuries. This bioengineered tissue is grown from living cells. The cellular process that enables the cells to grow and develop into tissue is —

A segment of DNA is represented in the illustration.

How is information for a specific protein carried on the DNA molecule?

The diagram shows cells in different phases of mitosis. A student is trying to find a cell in a particular phase of mitosis. The student is looking for evidence that spindle fibers are separating the chromosomes to ensure that each new nucleus has one copy of each chromosome.

Which cell is in the phase of mitosis that the student is searching for?

The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA varies widely. The sequence of the bases in DNA is most important for which of the following?

The model represents the change in the DNA content of a cell during the cell cycle.

Which part of the model represents the S phase?

The diagram below represents the cell cycle.

When cells leave the cell cycle, they exit during G1 phase and then enter G0 phase, a resting period. Most normal cells can leave G0 phase and reenter the cell cycle at G1 phase before entering S phase. Cancer cells are different because they cannot enter G0 phase and are likely

to do which of the following?

One strand in a molecule of DNA contains the sequence below.

ATTGCGTA

Which sequence is the complementary strand?

Atherosclerosis is a disease that obstructs blood flow and, therefore, oxygen supply to target organs. A major component of atherosclerosis is the excessive reproduction of smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels. Certain drugs may have the potential to reverse or prevent the unregulated reproduction of the diseased blood-vessel cells. Which of these processes is the most likely target of these drugs?

A photomicrograph of onion root tip cells during mitosis is shown below.

Which phase of mitosis is occurring in the cell indicated by the arrow?

Cells typically respond to DNA damage in three ways: by ceasing to grow and divide until the damage is repaired, by permanently ceasing to grow and divide, or by dying. In 2010 a group of scientists reported that a certain kind of immune reaction can cause DNA damage that leads to a fourth response. DNA damage can turn off genes involved in cell-signaling pathways. Turning off these genes can cause less-mature cells to divide too rapidly, often leading to the development of-

Which part of the cell cycle controls the repair of damaged DNA which, if unsuccessful, could eventually result in the abnormal cell division that typifies some types of cancer?

Which of these must occur during S phase of the cell cycle so that two daughter cells can be produced during M phase?

Checkpoints occur between the stages of the cell cycle. If a cell does not meet certain criteria at the end of a stage, it will not move to the next stage.

Which of these occurs just before the cell enters the G2 stage of the cell cycle?

This model of the cell cycle includes two arrows that each represent a process in the cycle.

What do the two arrows represent?

The activities in the cell cycle occur during specific phases. In which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

Telophase is a stage of a cellular process that begins after the chromosomes have moved to opposite poles of the cell. During which cellular process does telophase occur?

Part of the cell cycle is shown in this simplified model.

This part of the cell cycle is best described as the process that —

People who have leukemia, a cancer that affects white blood cells, are often given Cytarabine. This drug inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Which phase of the cell cycle is most affected by Cytarabine?

DNA damage is detected during a G2 checkpoint before entering mitosis. The damage is repaired first and then they enter mitosis. Why is DNA damage repaired before cells enter mitosis?

Oncogenes are mutated forms of genes that can transform a cell into a tumor cell. How do oncogenes lead to tumor formation?

Which example describes diffusion?

Which describes a hypotonic environment?

Which describes a hypertonic environment?

Which describes an isotonic environment?

The movement of materials from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration would require...

A student put some drops of Lugol’s iodine solution into the water in the beaker shown above. The water turned red. After a short time, the starch solution inside the dialysis tubing turned black. Which function of the cell membrane was the student demonstrating?

A student was observing Elodea submerged in a solution with a microscope. The student observed the cell cytoplasm pull away from the cell wall and clump together in the center of the cell.

Which statement best explains why this occurred?

If a cell’s cytoplasm contains 40% salt, which of the following best describes the concentration of H2O in the cytoplasm?

A student is analyzing samples of red blood cells using a microscope. Her observations are shown.

The student observes that the shape of Cell A appears normal, while Cell B appears swollen and Cell C is shrunken. The apparent shrinking of Cell C indicates the reaction of the cell to what?

After observing cells under the microscope, the student observes that the shape of Cell A appears normal, while Cell B appears swollen and Cell C is shrunken. The appearance of cell B indicates the reaction of the cell to what?

The picture above shows a cell model and the solutions associated with it. In this situation the cell model will...

The diagram above shows three plant cells surrounded by water. Plant cell A exists in an environment where the cell remains the same because -

The diagram illustrates the movement of molecules through a cell membrane.

What process is the cell using to move the molecules?

The diagram above shows three plant cells surrounded by water. Plant cell B exists in an environment where the cell loses water because -

The diagram above shows three plant cells surrounded by water. Plant cell C exists in an environment where the cell gains water because -

The diagram illustrates the use of energy by a nerve cell to expel a sodium ion from inside of the cell.

Which best explains why energy is necessary to complete this function?

In the diagram, the dots represent small molecules. The molecules are moving out of the cells, as indicated by the arrows. The number of dots inside and outside of the two cells represents the relative concentrations of the molecules inside and outside of the cells.

Which cell(s) must use ATP energy to move the molecules out of the cell?

In the diagram below, the dots represent small molecules. The molecules are moving out of the cells, as indicated by the arrows. The number of dots inside and outside of the two cells represents the relative concentrations of the molecules inside and outside of the cells.

Which cell(s) does not use energy/ATP to move the molecules out of the cell?

Which of these best explains why a saltwater aquarium would be a dangerous habitat for a freshwater fish?

Cell transport occurs at the cell membrane. The diagram below shows the fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane. Which of the following correctly describes the fatty acids that make up the phospholipid tails of the membrane?

Which of the following best describes the difference between diffusion and osmosis?

Some students use vinegar to dissolve away the shells of three eggs and use these eggs as models of human red blood cells. The students observed the changes in the eggs when they were placed in different solutions.

Which statement best describes the role of the cell membrane in this model?

A type of cellular transport is shown.

Which description best identifies this type of transport.

The diagram illustrates the activity of vesicles during a cellular process.

Which statement best explains process taking place?

Transmembrane proteins span the width of cell membranes. Four types of transmembrane proteins are shown in a section of cell membrane.

Although these proteins have different specific functions, they all-

How is facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion?

What is happening in the diagram?

What is happening in the diagram?

In this diagram, molecules are moving _________ the concentration gradient.

What is happening in this picture?

In this diagram, molecules are moving _______ the concentration gradient.

Water moves across a semipermeable membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

When a molecule moves from an area of more molecules to an area of less molecules the molecule is...

The process shown is ________ which is a form of __________ transport.

The diagram shows _____________ which is a form of __________ transport.