the study of the relationships between living things and their environments

the study of past human life and activities by examining bones, tools, and other objects left behind

to send out rock, lava, and ash in a sudden explosion

the preserved remains of something that lived long ago

a scientist who studies the earth and the forces and processes that shape and change it

an idea that has been suggested and may be true but has not been proven

a process in which continents slowly move over time on the surface of the earth

a surge of energy traveling out from an earthquake's source through the earth

heavy, dense rock formed from cooled, hardened lava

melted rock in the Earth's mantle

red-hot melted rock that has erupted above Earth's crust from deep underground

a large area in the earth that is lower than the area around it

a narrow, extremely deep valley formed when the seafloor dips down as one tectonic plate slides under another

a theory that Earth's crust and the solid top part of the mantle are broken up into sections that fir together but move against each other

a crack in Earth's crust

an earthquake's strength

a smaller, weaker earthquake that often follows a main earthquake event

a gigantic wave of seawater caused by an earthquake in oceanic crust

a hill or mountain that forms over a crack in Earth's crust from which lava erupts

a bowl-shaped opening at the top of a volcano or geyser

the place where one tectonic plate is sliding beneath another tectonic plate

a very hot region deep within Earth's mantle where a huge magma chamber forms

a column of magma that rises from the mantle into a chamber beneath Earth's crust

a naturally flowing source of hot water

a system in which people are placed into social classes of different levels of power and importance

a woman who controls a family, group, or government

a main rival or opponent

a situation not controlled by rules or laws and without a leader

a person's handwritten signature

a person who writes the story of someone's life

the art of beautiful writing

a piece of writing that includes a few sentences focused on a certain subject in an organized manner

the process of sending out rock, lava, and ash in a sudden explosion

continuing without breaking or being stopped by something

a break or outburst

sudden and unexpected

a crater caused by the collapse of the top of a volcano

a solid, nonliving substance found in the earth that makes up rocks

to make or become hard or solid

a dark rock or natural glass formed from lava that cooled very quickly

a common igneous rock that forms from manga that cooled within Earth's crust

mixed with liquid so no solid pieces are visible anymore

the condition of being a solid, liquid, or gas

very small sediments deposited by water

a deep valley with steep sides and often a stream or river flowing through it

the average height of the ocean's surface

a small vehicle that can travel deep under water for research

a deep-sea geyser that forms as seawater sinks down through cracks in the oceanic crust and then releases extremely hot, mineral-rich water back up through cracks in the crust

an underwater volcano that forms wherever magma is erupting through oceanic crust

A school can be a large number of ocean animals of one type swimming together.

any process or force that moves sediments to new locations

an enormous, slow-moving mass of ice found in polar regions and near tops of tall mountains

relating to the process of plate movement on Earth's surface

an instrument used to track seismic waves traveling through the earth

the point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus

a decision or opinion formed based on information you have