This landmass was surrounded by a super-ocean called Panthalassa. Name this supercontinent, which takes its name from the Greek for "all earth."

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During the Mesozoic Era, Pangaea split into Laurasia and this other supercontinent, which comprised modern-day Antarctica, Africa, and South America.

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This body's features include the bright spot Xanadu and the hydrocarbon lake Karaken Mare. Name this largest moon of Saturn.

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What quantity, whose values on the Pauling scale range from 0.7 for francium to 4.0 for fluorine, measures an atom's attraction for bonding electrons?

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Citrine is a yellow variant of what silicate mineral that defines 7 on the Mohs hardness scale and whose variants also include amethyst?

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A supernova that does NOT form a black hole will have its core collapse to form what type of compact object named for an uncharged subatomic particle?

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This type of quantity is distinguished from scalar quantities. Name these quantities that have a magnitude and a direction.

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External force vectors are drawn as arrows on these diagrams of mechanics problems, which often show the object of interest as a block. They are sometimes called force diagrams.

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30 petahertz to 30 exahertz is the frequency range for what radiation energetically between UV and gamma rays?

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Goethe [GUR-tuh] popularized the "storm glass," a version of what instrument built by Evangelista Torricelli that uses mercury to measure atmospheric pressure?

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This method, in which primers anneal to a sample that undergoes heating and cooling cycles, is credited to Nobel winner Kary Mullis. Name this technique that amplifies a sample of genetic material.

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The "motor" variety of these cells relay action potentials to muscles. Name these cells that make up nerves.

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Action potentials travel through this long part of a neuron toward the synapse.

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With Melba Phillips, this man described a namesake nuclear fusion reaction. Name this man who declared himself"destroyer of worlds" after developing the atomic bomb.

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This substance is produced from methanol and carbon monoxide in the Monsanto process. Treating salicylic acid with this compound's anhydride yields aspirin and this compound as a by-product.

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This term describes a mixture, such as a solution, in which the composition is constant throughout the mixture.

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In these homogeneous mixtures, the solute or solutes and the solvent are all solids.

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Identify this radioactive element with atomic number 94. It was named after an astronomical body that in 2006 was demoted to dwarf planet status.

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For any particle, Planck's constant divided by the particle's momentum gives the wavelength predicted by what Frenchman, who argued that all matter exhibits wave behavior?

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