Removing part of a plant and putting it in the ground to grow a new plant. Contrast with seed agriculture.

The taking of seeds from existing plants and planting them to produce new plants.

production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family

the production of food primarily for sale off the farm

Coinciding with the Industrial Revolution, this revolution used the increased technology from the Industrial Revolution as a means to increase farm productivity through mechanization. This caused exponential population

increase.

The practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons so that the soil of farms is not used to only one type of nutrient. It helps in reducing soil erosion and increases soil fertility and crop yield.

A device that sows the seeds for crops by metering out individual seeds, positioning them in the soil, and covering them to a certain average depth. It sows the seeds at equal distances and proper depth, ensuring they get covered with soil and are saved from being eaten by birds.

The legal process in England during the 18th century of enclosing a number of small landholdings to create one larger farm. Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted to the owner and it ceased to be common land for communal use. In England and Wales, the term is also used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields.

The migratory pattern of peoples from rural areas into urban areas. It is

urbanization seen from the rural perspective.

also known as the Columbian interchange, named for Christopher Columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

This transformation began in the latter half of the twentieth century and corresponded with exponential population growth around the world. Hybridization, pesticides, and chemical fertilizers were key aspects.

Any substance that kills pests, especially insects. Can be natural or artificial in origin. Used on farms to protect the crop yield.

a substance that is toxic to plants, used to destroy unwanted vegetation.

Plants and animals that have been genetically engineered in some way.

Farming that uses natural processes and seeds that are not genetically altered. To be certified as organic in the United States, farmers must demonstrate organic methods on a number of different measures.

A movement in which food is both grown and sold locally, and fertilizers and pesticides are minimized or eliminated in favor of pure organic farming.