So they do not waste energy growing extra leaves in winter

To ensure that flowers of a specific plant are produced when the right pollinator will be present

So that all plants flower when there are over 14 hours of daylight

All of the above

Electromagnetic receptors

Mechanoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

When combined with auxin, involved in fruit development

Is produced when the tip of a growing seedling meets an obstacle

Is a chemical messenger produced mainly in the shoots

Antagonises the apical dominance action of auxin

Wing shape; No teeth; Sleek fusiform shape

Wing shape; Heavy bones; powerful flight muscle

Honeycombed bones; Air sacs; No urinary bladder

Efficient circulatory system; Flagella; Air sacs

A chemical messenger produced mainly by the shoot; stimulates stem elongation

A chemical messenger produced mainly in the root; involved in cell division

Are found in meristems of apical bud and roots; when it is combined with water it triggers seed germination

A gaseous hormone that can be produced by most parts of the plant; promotes ripening of fruit

Circulatory

Respiratory

Lymphatic

Digestive

Some physical barriers of plants include a waxy cuticle, tough cells and thorns.

Plants can produce toxic chemicals, including silica and trichomes.

Plants can silence the RNA of pathogens by using small interfering RNA molecules.

Plants utilise mimicry as a defence by growing leaves to look like things such as carnivorous insects or that they are partially eaten.

Exaggerated response to antigens

Immune system targets some molecules of the self

Incomplete immune system due to genetic or developmental defect

Immune system downregulated by excess exercise and stress

Attract carnivorous insects

Alert nearby plants of danger

Attract insectivorous birds

All of the above

Associative learning

Spatial learning

Problem solving

Social learning

Seed germination

Opening of stomata

Flowering

All of the above

There is low paternity certainty with external fertilisation

Paternal care is common in mammals and birds

In external fertilisation, mating and birth are separated over time

Paternal and maternal care are equally likely to occur when egg-laying and mating occur together.

Butterfly

Bee

Bird

Bat

So there is a more diverse range of insects and morphologically different flowers to make life prettier and more interesting.

Attracting a loyal pollinator is in the interest of the plant so that its pollen is more likely to be transferred to another flower of the same species

Because the insects require a reward of nectar to continually return to pollenate the plant.

Co-evolution of specific insects and plants was inevitable and has been occurring since the first common ancestor of land plants moved out of the water.