It is louder than S2 at the base.

It is accentuated in tachycardia.

It is soft in first-degree heart block.

It is loud in anemia, exercise and hyperthyroidism.

Normal physiologic splitting is accentuated by inspiration.

Is louder than S1 at the apex.

Pathologic splitting occurs during expiration and suggests heart disease.

Paradoxical or reversed splitting appears during expiration and disappears during inspiration.

Physiologic S3 is found in children and young adults.

Pathologic S3 is also known as atrial gallop.

Occurs in diastole.

Left-sided S3 may be heard at the apex in the left lateral decubitus position.

also known as ventricular gallop.

occurs in systole.

always normal.

is absent during AF.

Physiologic murmurs are probably generated by ventricular ejection of blood into the aorta from the LV.

Innocent murmurs are due to a temporary increase in blood flow in conditions like anemia and pregnancy.

Innocent murmurs are heard in fever and hyperthyroidism.

Midsystolic ejection murmurs are the most common kind of heart murmur.

Starts with S1 and stops at S2.

Often occurs with regurgitant flow across the AV valves.

Includes AS and PS.

Pansystolic murmurs are pathologic.

Diastolic murmurs are seldom pathologic.

Early diastolic murmurs typically reflect regurgitant flow across incompetent semilunar valves.

Middiastolic murmurs reflect turbulent flow across the AV valves.

Late diastolic murmurs include MS.

Early decrescendo diastolic murmurs are exemplified by aortic regurgitation.

Diastolic murmurs are easier to hear than systolic murmurs.

Rambling mid-to late diastolic murmurs are exemplified by mitral stenosis.

Diastolic murmurs are less common than systolic murmurs.

patent ductus arteriosus.

Begins in systole and extends into all or part of diastole.

pulmonic stenosis.

AV fistulas