Cities were often run by corrupt "political machines." The leaders of these machines were known as __________________.

A variety of "push" and "pull" factors brought more ____________ to the United States seeking a better life.

Immigrants usually settled with relatives and others of the same nationality in ethnic neighborhoods known as___________.

___________, or those "born" or "native" to the United States, wanted to restrict immigration. Believed that people of other races, religions, and nationalities were inferior and that the "New Immigrants" were especially inferior to white, Anglo Saxon, Protestant Americans.

Passed in 1882, was the first federal law to restrict immigration in the United States.

Many reformers urged Native Americans to undergo "Americanization," adopting the culture of other "mainstream" Americans. The __________ sought to hasten their "Americanization."

made federal land available to settlers.