Scottish economist and philosopher known as ''The Father of Economics'' or ''The Father of Capitalism

American statesman and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Wrote the Declaration of Independence.

British political philosopher responsible for claiming that all men have natural rights - life, liberty, and property- and that the government's role is to protect those rights.

Swiss-born philosopher, writer, and political theorist who believed that civilization was corrupting and that man must give up freedoms to live in society.

Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer who championed heliocentrism, confirmed the phases of Venus, observed the four largest satellites of Jupiter, Saturn's rings, and the analysis of sunspots.

Polish mathematician and astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model in which the earth orbits the sun.

Known as the Sun King, this French monarch was emblematic of the age of absolutism in Europe.

1682-1725 - Tsar responsible for Westernizing and modernizing Russia based on Enlightenment ideas and values.

French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815

French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher. He is the principal source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world.

Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, librarian and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism

French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his advocacy of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state.

English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), which argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education.

one of the early thinkers of the Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism, including modern conceptions of the self and the universe.

English philosopher, considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory

German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science.

French natural philosopher and mathematician during the early 1730s - translated and contributed to Newton's Principia and published Foundations of Physics.

Venezuelan military and political leader who led independence movements in present day Venezuela, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador and Panama against the Spanish Empire

German philosopher whose comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him one of the most influential figures in modern Western philosophy