Movement within Western Christianity that posed challenges to the Roman Catholic Church that would culminate in the creation of new branches of Christianity

Numerous wars against Spanish rule in the Americas during the 19th century with the aim of political independence.

Global conflict between Great Britain and France that included other European powers for colonial dominance and territory - known as the French and Indian War in North America

Series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists, mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom.

Acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from France in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, the US doubled its territory.

An ideological and political revolution which occurred in colonial North America between 1765 and 1783.

The period that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended in November 1799 with the formation of the Consulate. Led to the dissolution of the monarchy and the rise of Napoleon.

One of the basic charters of human liberties, containing the principles that inspired the French Revolution.

A series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804, was the overthrow of the French regime by the Africans and their descendants who had been enslaved by the French and the establishment of an independent country founded and governed by former slaves

Pronouncement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776 - written by Thomas Jefferson.

Act signed into law in 1689 by William III and Mary II - outlined specific constitutional and civil rights and ultimately gave Parliament power over the monarchy.

Moral and political philosophy that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

The first of the four viceroyalties that Spain created to govern its conquered lands in the New World - contained modern day Mexico.

The area colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534-

the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically

Protestant theological system which develops Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination.

Widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, the Old World, and West Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

defined by the existence of a constitution—which may be a legal instrument or merely a set of fixed norms or principles generally accepted as the fundamental law of the polity—that effectively controls the exercise of political power

the first permanent English settlement in the Americas, established in 1607.

was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan - the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by Han Chinese.

a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215 - established limitations on the power of the monarchy

a form of government in which power is held by the people and their elected representatives.

a system of government by one person with absolute power