birthplace of the Renaissance; Italian city-state

a way of thinking that stressed the importance of human abilities and actions

developed a printing press using moveable type so books could be made faster

wealthy banking family that financially supported artists and thinkers

a religious movement in the 1500s that aimed to reform the church

sold by the church to cancel sins

German monk who wanted the church to make changes and instead started the reformation movement

95 arguments against the church posted on a church door by Martin Luther

a meeting where Martin Luther defended his writings and was ordered to take back what he said

People who protested against the authority of the Catholic Church

movement to strengthen the teachings and structure of the Catholic Church

a series of meetings where Catholic leaders sought to revive the authority of the church.

racism and prejudice against the Jewish people

King of England who was Catholic but then separated the English church from the pope when he would not give him a divorce

War involving most of the European powers. Started for religious reasons but became political.