Francis Bacon helped to develop

Isaac Newton explained the

In general, the philosophes believed in which of the following?

The idea of a direct democracy is explained in

European art of the 1600s and early 1700s was dominated by a grand, ornate style called

The philosophes influenced Catherine the Great's

The Declaration of Independence was written by

The Bill of Rights was influenced by

Henry Fielding was a writer who

Which of the following is true of the neoclassical style of art?

What reflects the correct sequence of steps used in the scientific process?

Which of the following events occurred after the American Revolution?

What was Montesquieu's influence on the U.S. Constitution?

How did the Baroque style and the neoclassical style differ?

Frederick II supported which of the following?

How were Thomas Hobbes and Catherine the Great similar?

What was the law of universal gravitation?

Which of the following did the Enlightenment promote?

What did American colonists protest as "taxation without representation"?

What did Andreas Vesalius and Voltaire both do?

How did Zacharias Janssen make Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discoveries possible?

Which of the following men contradicted the ideas of the U.S. Constitution?

How does the main character in Richardson's Pamela reflect Enlightenment ideas?

In the 1700s, which of the following showed the influence of Enlightenment ideas?

Which of the following did the censors of the Catholic Church ban?

How did the taxation problem in America differ before and after independence?

How did the Declaration of Independence embody Enlightenment ideals?

Which of the following might reflect the neoclassical style?

Which of the following were caused by the scientific revolution?

This brilliant mathematician used the data of Tycho Brahe to prove the accuracy of Copernicus's basic ideas about the motion of the planets.

This great mathematician and physicist brought together some of the theories and discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion known as the law of universal gravitation.

This pioneer of the use of the scientific method in chemistry is considered the founder of modern chemistry. He is best known for the discovery of a law that helps to explain characteristics of gases.

This English politician and writer had a passionate interest in science. In his writings, he criticized the techniques of the ancient and medieval scholars.

He argued forcefully for the adoption of new scientific techniques such as the experimental method.

After studying planetary movements for many years, this astronomer reasoned that the stars and planets revolved around the sun, an idea that became known as the heliocentric theory. Fearing ridicule or persecution, he didn't publish his findings until 1543, the year of his death.

This mathematician developed analytical geometry, which links algebra and geometry. Of his own existence, he was sure; everything else was doubtful until proved by reason. In his writings, he urged scientists to rely on mathematics and logic to reach fundamental truths about the natural world.

Among his many scientific discoveries are the law of the pendulum and the fact that falling objects accelerate at fixed and predictable rates. Despite his genius, he lived the last years of his life under house arrest because his

scientific findings did not go along with the Church authorities' interpretation of the Bible.

In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, this political thinker presented an argument for the education of women. She also declared that women should have the same political rights as men.

This philosopher's ideas greatly influenced criminal law reformers in Europe and North America. He argued against the use of torture and other common abuses of justice.

This aristocratic philosophe was devoted to the study of political liberty. In his famous book On the Spirit of the Laws, he proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of a government.

This philosophe strongly disagreed with other philosophes on a number of matters. For instance, although most philosophes believed that reason, science,

and art improve the lives of all people, he argued that civilization corrupts people's natural goodness.

This philosophe's masterful use of satire got him into frequent trouble with the clergy, the aristocracy, and the government of France. Despite serving two prison terms and being exiled, he never stopped fighting for tolerance,

reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech.

This political thinker felt that people are reasonable beings. He supported self-government and argued that the purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of people. If government fails to protect these natural rights, he said, citizens have the right to overthrow it.

This political thinker believed that all humans are naturally selfish and wicked. He argued, therefore, that strong governments are necessary to control human behavior. To avoid chaos, he said, people enter into a social contract. They give up their rights in exchange for law and order.

Abolished serfdom

Ruled Russia as an enlightened despot.

Ruled Prussia as an enlightened despot

Ruled Austria as an enlightened despot

Edited and published the Encyclopedia

Brutally crushed a massive uprising of serfs.

Gave the nobility absolute power over the serfs

Ran the most influential of Paris salons during the Enlightenment

Which of the following occurred last?

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

Which of the following documents created the first national government of the 13 individual states of North America?

Which of the following was a major reason for the colonists' victory over Britain?

Which of the following was created by the Articles of Confederation?

Under the influence of the Enlightenment, the grand, ornate style in European art known as baroque gave way to a simple, elegant style that was based on classical Greek and Roman ideas and was called _________________.

A form of government in which power is divided between national and state government is _______________.

In social gatherings called _______________, wealthy hostesses of Paris helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment to educated Europeans.