How many layers is the epidermis (outer layer)?

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

How many components does the Dermis have?

The Dermis has two components. Match them based on location-

The ___________ is a network of blood vessels on the border of subcutaneous (hypodermis) and reticular layer of dermis.

Small capillaries from the cutaneous plexus extend up under skin and trauma to skin often results in a ________- ruptured dermal blood vessel

What are the two pigments that control skin color?

Match skin color with correct melanosome size-

________ ranges in color from yellow to tan to reddish-brown to black; made in stratum basale

________ accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis. Orange/yellow pigment, found in orange veggies, can be covered to vitamin A (used to make new photoreceptors in the eye)

Small pigmented areas where melanocytes are making large amounts of melanin (usually seen on face); get darker with sun exposure (usually during summer and lighter in winter)

Older individuals who have been exposed to sun throughout their life, usually fair-skinned and often on hands or other body parts that are continually exposed to sun

Which vitamin is produced from small amounts of UV radiation?

What are the two biggest risks of UV radiation?

_______ acts like a sun shade to shield DNA in nucleus from UV radiation

Which appendage of the skin: is located all over the skin except for palms and soles, produce sebum which makes skin soft and moist, prevents hair from becoming brittle, kills bacteria; have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface; glands are activated at puberty

Choose the pattern and prototype: Inflammatory infiltrate associated with epidermal thickening as a result of elongation of rete ridges

Choose the pattern and prototype: cytotoxic inflammatory reaction with prominent changes in the lower epidermis, characterized by vacuolization of keratinocytes

Choose the pattern and prototype: inflammatory reaction associated with intraepidermal or subepidermal cleavage

Choose the pattern and prototype: inflammatory infiltrate associated with intercellular epidermal edema

Choose the pattern and prototype: inflammatory reaction directed against folliculosebaceous units

Choose the pattern and prototype: perivascular inflammatory infiltrate without significant involvement of the epidermis

Which skin condition is characterized by: chronic, persistent, and/or relapsing scaling skin condition; raised patches of skin with silvery scales

cause is likely genetic: specific class I alleles of the MHC are overexpressed

Inflammatory skin disease where the epidermis is thickened as a result of rete ridge elongation; epidermopoiesis (epidermal proliferation) caused by shortened keratinocyte life cycle

PHYSICAL FACTORS: Trauma (Koebner phenomenon) ie abrasions, contusions, lacerations, burns, sunburn, bites, surgical incisions; cold weather; infections ie viral bronchitis, strep pharyngitis, HIV; medication (or med related) ie antimalarial agents, lithium, beta blockers, corticosteroid withdrawal

Typically lesions occur on the scalp, extremities, and flexural surfaces but can appear anywhere; psoriatic arthritis is the only extracutaneous manifestation; psoriatic arthritis is different from RA in that psoriatic arthritis is not caused by autoantibodies or circulating immune complexes

A distinctive pruritic (itch) eruption that presents with small papule (solid elevation of skin)

Develops during adulthood and affects women slightly more than men; rash likely represents a cell-mediated response that affects basal keratinocytes of the epidermis since it has a high occurrence if graft-vs-host disease patients after bone marrow transplant; can be caused by therapeutic gold, antimalarial agents, and ABX

A form of lichenoid interface dermatitis, an inflammation caused by T cell infiltration of the perijunctional dermis next to the dermis; some of the T cells can be found vacuolated in the epidermis; eosinophils (colloid bodies) can be observed; melanocytes can be damaged releasing melanin pigment

Affects both skin (usually at flexor surfaces of the extremities and the genital skin) and mucous membranes; rarely involves internal organs; never seen on palms, soles, or face

An acute cutaneous eruption that presents with a wide spectrum of clinical severity; the eruption can be brief but repetitive and disabling or life threatening; most patients present with a monomorphous pattern, a typical lesion is a red macule with a dusky center

Uncommon and affects men and women equally; occurs in patients in their 20s and 40s; cell mediated immune reaction resulting in necrosis or epidermal keratinocytes; most commonly caused by herpes simplex viral infection and reactions to medications; this is supported by treating with acyclovir (antiherpetic)

a form of vacuolar interface dermatitis where the inflammatory infiltrate is sparse because the vacuolated keratinocytes are widely distributed; dermal infiltrate is composed of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD8+ T cells also found in epidermis; keratinocytes are killed by the cytotoxic inflammatory effects of IFN-γ and TNF

Limited to skin and mucous membranes; lesions develop rapidly on aural surfaces (peripheral body parts) and spread to the trunk and face; mucosal erosions (bleeding) and ulcers are possible but mucositis (painful inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes) can be the sole presenting feature

A blistering disease with fluid-filled spaces developing within erythematous and inflamed skin; blisters develop due to detachment of the epidermis from the dermis due to inflammatory reaction targeted at structural proteins

Found in the elderly older than 60, any gender; Igs and complement are deposited along the epidermal-dermal junction in this disorder so this is likely an autoimmune disorder

Biopsies show sub epidermal cleft containing lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils; eosinophilic (pink) material representing extravasated macromolecules such as fibrin is visible; fluorescence studies show autoantibodies (IgG). IgG is involved in complement fixation; eosinophils are likely recruited via mast cell degranulation

Patients present with large, tense blisters; they often exhibit pruritis (itch)

An eruption, usually pruritic, caused by immune-mediated reaction to a substance that has touched the skin. Characterized by erythrematous papule, vesicles, bull confined to the area of contact with the allergen. Blisters can break and weep. Also called eczema or contact eczema (excluding contact with poison ivy/oak/sumac)

So many people are affected incidence cannot be calculated. Results in loss of millions in direct medical costs and lost productivity. HLA genes are thought to be the cause but this is unknown

Edema of the epidermis separates keratinocytes from one another and makes visible the normally invisible desmosomes that interconnect keratinocytes. Variable amounts of perivascular inflammation, infiltrate contains lymphocytes and eosinophils. Underlying mechanism involves type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity

Not counting eczema, most common forms caused by contact with poison ivy, oak, and sumac.

Transient papules and/or plaques often referred to as hives; can be short lived or persist for years/decades; similar to angioedema though urticaria involves the superficial dermis, can be accompanied with anaphylaxis and can therefore be life threatening.

Associated with angioedema in 50% of patients; condition is considered chronic if it lasts for more than 6 weeks; potential triggers are sunlight, water, medication, pressure, vibration, heat, cold, exercise, or stress; sometimes no identifiable cause, can be caused by heritable auto inflammatory syndrome

Characterized by sparse, mixed, perivascular infiltrate and alterations to the derwithoutmis, lymphocytes and eosinophils with some neutrophils are infiltrates, caused by mast cell degranulation (histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet activating factor, a type I hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE, complement, physical stimuli, viral infections, and autoantibodies

Pruritic papules or plaques without epidermal change ranging in shape on any part of the body but usually the trunk or extremities. These typically last less than a day. Angioedema presents more like swelling most often on mucous membranes or hands and feet and can last for 3 days

Follicle based comedones (blackheads) inflammatory papules or pustules on the face, neck, chest, and back. Affects mainly teenagers but can also occur in adults and neonates. Scarring forms of this do not occur before puberty.

Affects practically everyone, caused by bacterial infection (Propionibacterium) which uses sebum as a nutrition source

Neutrophils may accompany the keratinous plus within the follicular canal, creating a pustular lesion. Inflammation is caused by presence of neutrophils and lymphocytes

Production of androgens at puberty increases sebum production. Androgens produced by the mother causes this in neonates. Severe scarring is possible

The pleura and pericardium are examples of __________ membranes that cover organs in a body cavity closed to the exterior.

The outermost layer of the epidermis is keratinized and known as stratum ___________.

Which of the following is a lubricant that keeps skin soft and moist and also contains chemicals that kill bacteria?