Phones are concrete realizations of abstract phonemes

Allophones are contrastive variants of a particular phoneme.

All vowels are voiced.

A particular word pronounced in isolation may sound differently in connected speech.

Connected speech makes pronunciation easier in casual speech.

Connected speech refers to careful pronunciation of individual sounds.

In elision a sound may not be articulated in certain contexts to make articulation easier.

MINIMAL PAIRS - pairs of words that differ in one allophone.

/p/ has two allophones [p] and [ph] which are respectively non-aspirated and aspirated form.

Phonemes are concrete realizations of sounds

PHONOTACTICS - refers to the constraints on positions and sequences of sounds in a language, and is UNIVERSAL to all languages.

Replacing one allophone for another of the same phoneme may lead to a different word.

Replacing one allophone for another of the same phoneme may lead to a slightly odd sounding word.

Spoken language can be broken down into phonemes.

Phonemes have allophones to be more like the neighbouring sounds.

Vowel reduction is when the full form of the vowel becomes more like the mid-center vowel.

Pronouncing /ten baiks/ as /tem baiks/ is an example of nasalization

Pronouncing "cupboard" as /ˈkʌbərd/ and never */ˈkʌpbɔːrd/ is an example of elision and vowel reduction.

Pronouncing "handbag" as /ˈhæmbæg/ is an example of elision and assimilation