a way of describing where a place is based on its relationships with the surrounding areas

population shift from rural to urban areas

a suburban city that is rapidly growing, is as large as a major city, but retains its suburban feel

a relatively large urban area situated on the outskirts of a city, typically beside a major road

an area outside of the denser inner suburban area which has an economic and commuting connection to the metro area, low housing density, and growth

a large metropolitan area with a population higher than 10 million

a large metropolitan area with a population higher than 20 million

a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs

a large city that is very important to the global economy

is the largest city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy

the nth largest city in a given country will have 1/n of the population of the largest city in that country

a theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther

the maximum distance that someone is willing to travel to receive a specific service

the minimum number of people needed for a service to be worthwhile

geographic zone containing the people who are likely to purchase a firm's goods or services

Ethnicities and types of CBDs change in rings/sectors as you travel further from the center, colonial CBD

a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

a model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road

model developed by economist Homer Hoyt that discusses the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district

the main business and commercial area of a town or city

a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities

Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford; The CBD is dominant and it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine"

developed by T.G McGee where the focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it

racial segregation that happens organically instead of being enforced by law

an area of open land around a city where development is prohibited

that blends a combination of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or industrial uses that provides pedestrian connections

an urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types

when places begin to feel the same due to loss of cultural and historical ties

cities that are actively trying to control their growth to promote sustainability

planned urban development that aims to reduce environmental effects

a measure of how friendly a city is to getting around by walking

local laws that define which types of economic activities can take place in specific areas of a city

an area with MSAs and µSAs that are close together and economically linked

a geographical region with a relatively high population density at its core and close economic ties throughout the area

labor market areas in the United States centered on an urban cluster with a population at least 10,000 but less than 50,000

real estate agents convincing people to sell houses because of minorities or poor people moving into the area and making money by reselling the property for a higher price

the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services (amenities) and are controlled by gangs and drugs (ex. Favelas in Rio).

people renovating housing in low-income areas to increase the value - rising property values will eventually force the original low-income residents out

the now illegal (in the USA) practice of refusing to loan money to specific areas because of poverty in the area

when marginalized groups face higher levels of environmental risk due to others actions

a heavily populated area of a city where poor residents live in substandard homes

groups of house made out of cheap, non-traditional materials built on land not owned by the residents

the redevelopment of areas within a large city, typically involving the clearance of slums

areas or neighborhoods where most people migrate away often due to lack of jobs

a former industrial or commercial site that people perceive to be contaminated environmentally

the expansion of a city away from urban centers outward with a tendency to turn into suburbs farther out