A 28-year-old male who has recently recovered from COVID-19 presents to the clinic complaining that he can no longer taste any of his meals. Which of the following describes the papillae that are most likely impacted?

A 50-year-old patient presents with heartburn, vomiting, and chest pain. The physician makes a diagnosis of GERD and prescribes the first-line medication for this condition. What is the mechanism of action of this prescribed drug?

A 62-year-old man presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and heartburn for few months. He also reports weight loss and black stools. Over-the-counter antacids did not help relieve his symptoms. He consumes alcohol occasionally and uses naproxen for chronic arthritis in his hip. Lab tests showed gastrin levels that are six times the normal level. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed multiple gastric and duodenal ulcers. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 45-year-old man seeks to establish care with a new physician. At his first appointment, he reports a 3-month history of gnawing epigastric pain that frequently occurs after meals. He notes two isolated episodes of blood-streaked emesis but denies coffee-ground emesis or melena. He reports that calcium carbonate does not improve his symptoms but that spicy and fatty foods exacerbate his symptoms. He is otherwise healthy but drinks a few glasses of wine each week with dinner. He does not smoke or use illicit drugs. His family history is unremarkable. On evaluation today, his temperature is 37° C (98.6° F), blood pressure is 136/94 mm Hg, pulse is 80/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical examination, the abdomen is soft and nondistended; there is mild epigastric tenderness on deep palpation. The patient undergoes endoscopy, which reveals a mucosal defect in the antrum that extends into the antral submucosa. Results of biopsy are pending.

Which of the following pathologic processes is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition?

A 42-year-old woman comes to her physician reporting difficulty swallowing. She states that she initially only had trouble swallowing solid food, but now she is having difficulty swallowing liquids as well. She also experiences regurgitation of undigested food. Physical examination yields no abnormal findings. The physician orders esophageal manometry, which demonstrates peristalsis in the distal two-thirds of the esophagus and increased resting tone of the lower esophageal sphincter. Findings from a barium swallow study are shown in the image.

After feeling great about his performance on this week’s quiz, Jerry celebrates by eating 2 gallons of plain, unsweetened yogurt. If Jerry is lactose-intolerant, how would you expect his blood glucose and breath hydrogen to change relative to baseline after his celebration?

Princess and Leila are at a bar on a Friday night when a 22-year-old lumberjack approaches them, boasting about how he owns a business. Unimpressed, Princess and Leila mention that they both have a bad case of diarrhea and urgently need to go to the bathroom. To overwhelm the lumberjack prior to their escape, they state that rotavirus has increased intracellular calcium ion levels in the mucosal cells of their small intestine, leading to inhibition of which of the following exchangers/channels?

Dr. Nikhil Gangasani presents to the clinic with wildly uncontrollable bowel movements. Because he is a cardiologist, he does not understand how the large intestine works. Which of the following answer choices best correlates the structure of the large intestine to the function?

Dr. Gangasani smells a turkey sandwich in your office. Because he is still a cardiologist, he does not understand how the neural or endocrine system work within the gastrointestinal tract. Which of the following statements are FALSE?

Cortney is a 21 year old female who presents to the clinic complaining of fatigue and weakness with tingling and numbness in her peripheral extremities. She states that many years ago she has started a vegetarian diet but has been taking supplements as recommended by her PCP. She reports no history of diabetes or prior surgeries. Upon blood test, it was discovered that she had a macrocytic anemia and increased homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels. Which of the following statements could best explain her diagnosis?

When I was in kindergarten, one of my classmates told everyone she didn’t have a gag reflex, and that she could touch the back of her throat and not throw up. She stuck her whole hand inside her mouth and immediately vomited all over the rug. Which two of her cranial nerves activated to constrict her pharynx in response to her weird and unsanitary experiment?

After that girl vomited all over the rug, our teacher was understandably upset. He was too kind to yell at us, luckily, so he restricted himself to clenching his jaw to control his anger. What muscle was primarily involved in that particular facial expression?

The girl who vomited was pretty embarrassed and didn’t try that again, which is good because repeated vomiting can have harmful effects on your esophagus. What histological changes to her esophageal tissue would we expect to see if she had kept vomiting all over everything every day for a long time?

After the girl vomited, she was complaining of a burning sensation in her mouth. With barely contained irritation, the teacher explained to her that she was tasting hydrochloric acid from her stomach, and that she should rinse her mouth out with water. What cells in her stomach secrete that acid?

Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas?

You check the carotid pulse of a patient who is slightly hypoxic and presents with a clinical picture consistent with PNA. Where you reach to paplate, you observe a small invagination / hole in the neck. You think:

Which statement is false?