“Last Will and Testament

I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner:

I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis,* which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time.

I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children.

I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis, to be paid to my granddaughter.

I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me.”

*currency unit in colonial Brazil

Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Afro-Brazilian woman, last will and testament, 1823

As described in the passage, Anna da Trindade’s life differed from the typical experience of newly arrived slaves in colonial Latin America in that she was

Which of the following statements is true of Latin American independence movements in the nineteenth century?

“Spirits of Moctezuma, Cuauhtémoc and other Aztec heroes, as once you celebrated that feast before being slaughtered by the treacherous sword of the Spanish conquistadors, so now celebrate this happy moment in which your sons have united to avenge the crimes and outrages committed against you, and to free themselves from the claws of [Spanish] tyranny and fanaticism. To the 12th of August 1521—the day that the chains of our serfdom were fastened—there now succeeds the 14th of September 1813—when these chains are broken forever.”

José María Morelos, Mexican Revolutionary, speech, 1813

Judging from the excerpt above, which of the following was the main purpose of Morelos’ speech?

“All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur’an and the rules of the Shari‘a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari‘a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire’s former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari‘a cannot survive.

Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces.”

Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839

The decree’s statement regarding the change in the situation of the Ottoman Empire, as described in the first paragraph, is a viewpoint that would most likely have been shared by members of which of the following governments in the nineteenth century?

Which of the following best explains the changes depicted in Map 2 ?

The name of the hired and trained Indian troops that protected fortified warehouses from attack by other Europeans.

A Christian boy who was forced to convert to Islam and serve in the Ottoman army was called a...

“Emperor Zhengzong, being deeply concerned with agriculture, came to know that the Champa rice was drought resistant and that the green lentils of India were famous for their heavy yield and large seeds. Special envoys, bringing precious things, were dispatched with a view to securing these varieties.... When the first harvests were reaped in the autumn, the emperor called his closest ministers to taste them and compose poems for Champa rice and Indian green lentils.”

Shu Wenying, Buddhist monk, China, eleventh century C.E.

Which of the following made possible the Chinese cultivation of the staple crops described in the passage?

Abbasid reliance on Persian bureaucrats and the introduction of Confucianism to Japanese political institutions both illustrate which of the following processes?

Inca and Aztec societies were similar in that both

I am imperishable time;

The Creator whose face is everywhere;

Death that devours all things;

The source of all things to come

The god Krishna speaks, Bhagavad Gita, Vedic sacred text, circa fifth century to second century B.C.E.

The excerpt above best represents which aspect of Hinduism?

Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750–1900 ?

The sketch shows the artist’s son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant.

Which of the following would most directly challenge the labor system portrayed in the sketch?

“[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country’s modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India’s people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women’s education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption.”

Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012

Based on Bayly’s argument, Indian liberal ideas were most clearly influenced by which of the following?

Which of the following societies engaged in extensive maritime trade well beyond their borders in the fifteenth century?

The image is of fourteenth-century North and West Africa.

The map above indicates that:

“We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity — this is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful opium is to humans. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all other, not to China!”

Qing government commissioner Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria of Great Britain, 1839

In the passage above, Lin Zexu is asking that the British do which of the following?

Opium that was brought into China in the 19th century was primarily grown in what country?

The Tanzimat was a series of Ottoman reforms that supported all of the following except: