An ancient underground canals that carry water from mountains to villages in the Arabian Peninsula.

An advanced culture consisting of certain characteristics (religion, language, government, etc.)

A state of lawlessness; rebellion against authority

Conservative, religious leader who wanted to bring strict, traditional Islamic laws back to Iran

Without religious influence; relating to things of this world

To change from nomadic living to settling & growing crops; the beginnings of domesticating animals

A severe restriction of trade against another country

When a more powerful country takes control of a weaker country/territory.

A seasonal wind in Asia that can be rainy or dry depending on the months and wind direction.

A citizen army

A religion based on the belief in ONE god.

A very fertile region stretching from Iraq to Israel; where civilizations first began.

Basics of a community: bridges, buildings, roads, schools, etc.

The title of former rulers/kings in Iran; emperor