A genre of children's literature; books organized by the 26 letters of the English language. They are great tool in teaching young children the letters of the alphabet.

The ability to pronounce words correctly.

Words, phrases, and sentences structures used in schools, specially in textbooks and tests.

Children performing at, or with the potential to perform at, a high level of achievement when compared to other children of the same age.

A morpheme that, when standing alone , is not a word and appears only as part of a word.

In English, speech sounds are represented by letters. This is a key concept about print for our youngest students to master.

A reader who read with ________has swift and accurate word identification. The student does not stumble on words, nor does he or she stop to decode.

All the persons know about a topic.

A reading program includes three elements; 1. A set of instructional materials, including text and assessments. 2. a set of reading skills and strategies children are expected to master. 3. A set of instructional strategies to teach those skills and strategies.

A commercially produced package of instructional materials used to teach children to read, centered on a graduated set of readings.

Two or three letter combinations of consonants that are pronounced rapidly, each letter making a sound.

A group of students who read the same book at the same pace, usually a work in a juvenile fiction. The Children meet for discussions and and to participate in lessons designed by the teacher.

A morpheme that is a prefix or a suffix and exists only as a part of word. (Ex. Pre- in the word pretest)

A syllable that ends with a consonant. (ex. both syllables in kickball)

Two words, from different languages, that have similar spellings, and meanings. (ex. Artist/Artista)

What type of sentence has an independent clause and one more dependent clause.

What type of sentence has two independent clauses, that is two sets of subjects and verbs. The independent clauses are joined by words called coordinators, which include for, and, nor, but, yet and so.

The end goal of the act of reading, bringing meaning to the text.

A Reading program structured so all grade level standards are covered, rather than overemphasizing one are of reading development.

Essential principles about the purposes and formats of letters, words, and sentences in a written language.

Speech sounds that occur when the airflow is obstructed in some way by our mouth, teeth, or lips.

Words and phrases surrounding a target that can used by the reader to understand the target word; also called contextual clues.

The fifth and final stage of spelling development, occurring after the transitional stage. The child spells almost all words correctly. The only mistakes that occur are words with irregular spelling and difficult words from the content areas.

A way of teaching that recognizes the individual differences among children, and results in the teacher either making adjustments in lessons or designing unique lessons to fit the need of the individual student, or group.

Two letter combinations that have one sound.

Glided sounds made by vowel combinations, such as oi in oil, the ou in about, and the oy in boy. When pronouncing the tongue starts in one position and rapidly moves to another.

Teacher directed lessons that have a clear stated objective, which is to teach a reading skill or strategy.

An assessment implemented prior to instruction to determine students level of mastery of reading standard, skill or strategy. Teachers use the result to design instruction.

Printed text people encounter in daily living, as opposed to those written for instructional purposes.

The study of the origin and development of words; a branch of the broader field of academic study, linguistics. ex. the English word democracy has it origins in the Greek words demos(the people) and kratos(power)

The ability to read with appropriate accuracy, rate and prosody. An essential goal of reading instruction is the development of fluent readers.

A morpheme that is a word. ex. Test, is, elephant, and banana.

A linguistic term for the smallest written unit of a language. In English, graphemes are the 26 letters of the alphabet.

Two words with the same spelling but different pronunciations (Cool wind, wind the clock)

Two words with the same pronunciation but different spelling. (ex. Sunday and sundae.)

A survey taken by a student that gathers data on the students reading behavior, including attitude towards reading and reading preferences.

An instructional activity in which the child dictates to the teacher a recollection of personal experiences. The teacher writes down the verbatim the Childs dictated text.

The ability to write the letters of the alphabet so that a reader can easily discern the letter.

The ability to correctly say the name of a letter when the teacher points to that letter.

The ability to correctly point to the letter when the teacher says the name of the letter.

The most elemental unit of meaning in a language.

An approach to teaching phonics in which the teacher first presents letters that represent a target sound. Next, the teacher displays words with the target sound. Then, those words are placed in sentences. What type of approach is this...

A speech sound in a language that signals different meanings. For example, /v/ and /b/ are English phonemes because there is a difference between vote and boat. It is also knowns as the smallest unit of speech.

A subcategory of the broader concept. The ability to distinguish the separate phonemes (sounds) in a spoken word.

The student still developing sound symbol relationships. Also known as invented spelling.

A component of reading instruction teaching children to make the correct association between the sounds and letters of a language.

Knowledge that oral English is composed of smaller units. It is the ability to distinguish sounds.

One element of fluency, the ability to read with appropriate expression, including appropriate emphasis of certain words, variation of pitch, and pauses.

Assistance or guidance, usually temporary provided by the teacher, or someone else, that helps a child complete the task.

Something a reader does automatically , seemingly without thinking. ex. The ability to decode is a.....

A phonemic awareness task in which the child blends the separate sounds in a single syllable word into the correct pronunciation of the word./b//a//t/=bat

A phonemic awareness task in which the child identifies a new word if one sound in a word is deleted.

A phonemic awareness task in which the child identifies which sounds is shared by a set of single syllable words with no other shared sounds.

A phonemic awareness task in which the child is given a word and identifies which sound occurs at the beginning, middle, or end of the word.

A phonemic awareness task in which a child Identifies in order each sound in a word with two or three sounds. (ex. What are the sounds in Cap....)

A phonemic awareness task in which a child substitutes a sound in a word to make a new word.

The degree to which any assessment accurately measures what it claims to measure. For example, to assess comprehension students might read a text and answer questions on the world series of major league baseball. Since some children could answer the questions correctly before they read the text, this assessment would have low validity.

Assessments that determine whether or not the student has mastered a reading standard, or a skill or strategy, usually given at the end of an instructional unit.

A word or a part of a word that is pronounced in a single, uninterrupted sounding of a voice.