"Over the past few years, dealing with HIV/AIDS and its effects has become one of the major public policy issues in most southern African countries. While it is fundamentally a health issue, the impact of HIV/AIDS goes far beyond health because of its widespread human, social, and economic effects. Southern Africa has the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world; several countries in the region have HIV prevalence rates over 20 percent of the adult population, with the highest reported adult HIV prevalence rates of over 30 percent. As a result, it is estimated that nearly two-thirds of all HIV-positive people in the world live in sub-Saharan Africa, while South Africa, along with India, has the highest number of HIV-positive people of any country in the world."

-World Health Organization, 2006

Question: What can be concluded about the impact of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in southern Africa as of 2006?

Weaknesses of Imperial Power

Napoleon′s invasion of Spain

divisions among social classes

desire for independent, democratic government

desire for economic independence

Question: Which might be the result of these factors?

"Reasons for migrations of people are described as “push factors” and “pull factors.”

Question: Which was a “pull factor” for many immigrants coming to the United States between 1780 and 1850?

How did the Industrial Revolution affect economic relationships among nations?

"It must be acknowledged that the term “republic” is of very vague application in every language . . . I would say purely and simply it means a government by its citizens in mass, acting directly and personally according to rules established by the majority."

-Thomas Jefferson, 1816

Question: Which statement best summarizes Jefferson′s idea of a republican government?

"The people are extremely well qualified for choosing those whom they are to entrust with part of their authority."

-Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Of Laws Directly Derived from the Nature of Government, 1748

Question: Which best summarizes Montesquieu’s view of the responsibility of citizens in a democracy?

"The Spanish conducted slave-raiding expeditions along the East Coast before the Naváez and de Soto expeditions to Florida, a practice that had become widespread throughout the Spanish new world since the Columbian voyages. Queen Isabella forbade the practice, but the Spanish monarchs agreed in 1503 to what was later called the Encomienda system. Under this system, Spaniards would be granted an allotment of Indians who were to be protected and Christianized. In essence the natives became forced laborers who worked the land, labored in mines, and constructed public buildings."

-Ferdinand De Soto, Discovery of the Mississippi, 1541

Question: How did Spanish leaders in Latin America misuse the Encomienda system?

Imperialism in Africa

The period of imperialism has witnessed many wars. . . . They have resulted in the taking of territory by force . . . The white rulers of the colonies live at the expense of the natives. Their chief work is to organize labor for their support. In the typical colony, the most fertile lands and the mineral resources are owned by white foreigners. These holdings are worked by natives under their direction. The foreigners take wealth out of the country. All the hard work is done by natives.

-J.A. Hobson, 1902

Question: According to the author, how did imperialism affect African societies?

The political liberty of the subject is a tranquility of mind, arising from the opinion each person has of his safety. In order to have this liberty, it is requisite the government be so constituted as one man need not be afraid of another. When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty, because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner. Again, there is no liberty, if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers.

-Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, 1748

Question: Which statement summarizes Montesquieu′s view of government?

There are two ways of countering injustice. One way is to smash the head of the man who perpetrates injustice and to get your own head smashed in the process. All strong people in the world adopt this course. Everywhere wars are fought and millions of people are killed. The consequence is not the progress of a nation but its decline . . . it brings disaster to both belligerents. . . . Similarly, no State is possible without two entities, the rulers and the ruled. You are our sovereign, our Government, only so long as we consider ourselves your subjects. When we are not subjects, you are not the sovereign either . . . Shower what sufferings you like upon us; we will calmly endure all and not hurt a hair of your body. We will gladly die and will not so much as touch you. But so long as there is yet life in these our bones, we will never comply with your arbitrary laws.

-Mohandas Gandhi, 1916

Question: Which statement summarizes Gandhi’s views about how a government should rule its people?

Although the present epidemic is called Spanish Influenza, there is no reason to believe that it originated in Spain. Some writers who have studied the question believe that the epidemic came from the Orient [Asia] and they call attention to the fact that the Germans mention the disease as occurring along the eastern front in the summer and fall of 1917.

-The Coconino Sun, 1918

Question: What was a common cause of the epidemic of the 1918 Spanish influenza?

Which factor influenced the settlement of coastal regions of West Africa during the Age of Exploration?

Britain lost some of its oldest colonies after the American Revolutionary War. After this loss, British leaders were interested in expanding their empire. They looked to Asia, Africa, and the Pacific to expand their colonies. Britain also increased its empire after defeating Napoleonic France.

Question: How did England's desire to expand its empire affect the global economy?

...reason, which is that law teaches all mankind, who would but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.

-John Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government, 1689

Question: Which concept of the Enlightenment would the above passage most likely support?