Energy is produced within a star’s core by the process of

The graph below shows the tidal changes in ocean water level, in meters, recorded at a coastal location on a certain day.

Approximately how many hours apart were the two high tides?

Ocean tides observed at coastal locations each day are primarily caused by

If Earth’s rate of rotation increases, the length of one Earth day will be

Which hot spot location on Earth’s surface usually receives the greatest intensity of insolation on June 21?

Compared to the luminosity and surface temperature of red main sequence stars, blue supergiants are

The station model below shows several weather variables recorded at a particular location.

What was the most likely dewpoint at this location?

Which ocean current warms the climate of northwestern Europe?

What is the usual surface wind pattern within a Northern Hemisphere low-pressure system?

The diagram below represents Earth in space on the first day of a season.

Which season is beginning in New York State on the day represented in the diagram?

Monsoons develop as a result of

At what approximate altitude in the atmosphere can stratospheric ozone be found?

What percentage of Earth’s history represents human existence?

During which period in geologic history did the uplifting of the Adirondack Mountains begin?

Which New York State location has surface bedrock that has been subjected to very intense regional metamorphism?

The cross sections below represent three widely separated bedrock outcrops labeled A, B, and C. Letters W, X, Y, and Z represent fossils found in the rock layers.

Which fossil could best be used as an index fossil?

Which scientific principle states that younger rock layers are generally deposited on top of older rock layers?

The graph below shows the hardness of four minerals.

Which mineral is hard enough to scratch calcite but is not hard enough to scratch amphibole?

Earth’s internal heat is the primary source of energy that

The cross section of Earth below represents a P-wave moving away from an earthquake epicenter. Seismic station A is shown on Earth’s surface.

At station A, the first P-wave arrives 11 minutes 40 seconds after the earthquake. How long after the first P-wave arrives will the first S-wave arrive?

The Aleutian Islands extend westward from southern Alaska to form the northern boundary of the Pacific Ocean. These volcanic islands were formed by the nearby

Landscapes characterized by gentle slopes and meandering streams are most often found in regions with

The photograph below shows a valley

Which agent of erosion most likely produced this valley’s shape?

Pieces of bedrock material that are broken from a cliff and deposited by a landslide at the base of the cliff are best described as

Sandstone, limestone, and conglomerate cobbles are found in a streambed in New York State where the surrounding bedrock is composed of shales and siltstones. The most likely explanation for the presence of these cobbles is that they were

The narrow, sandy, barrier islands in the ocean along the south coast of Long Island were deposited by

Base your answers to questions 28 and 29 on the data table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The data table shows some constellations that can be seen by an observer in New York State during different seasons.

Which statement best explains why some constellations are not seen during all four seasons?

The diagram below represents a portion of the constellation Ursa Minor. The star Polaris is identified.

Ursa Minor can be seen by an observer in New York State during all four seasons because Ursa Minor is located almost directly

Which map shows normal paths followed by low-pressure storm centers as they pass across the United States?

The diagram below represents the wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures on a sling psychrometer.

What was the relative humidity of the air when these temperatures were recorded?

Which set of instruments is correctly paired with the weather variables that they measure?

The map below shows four locations, A, B, C, and D, on the continent of South America.

Which location is the first to experience sunset on September 23?

Which rock is most likely phyllite?

The cross section below represents a pattern of magnetic field reversals preserved in the igneous bedrock of the oceanic crust east of the Mid-Atlantic ridge.

Which cross section best represents the magnetic field pattern west of the Mid-Atlantic ridge?

The map shows a low-pressure system with two fronts extending from its center (L). Points A, B, C, and D represent locations on Earth’s surface. Two different air masses are labeled.

Which atmospheric conditions describe the air mass that is influencing weather conditions at location C?

The map shows a low-pressure system with two fronts extending from its center (L). Points A, B, C, and D represent locations on Earth’s surface. Two different air masses are labeled.

Which locations are most likely experiencing precipitation?

The map shows a low-pressure system with two fronts extending from its center (L). Points A, B, C, and D represent locations on Earth’s surface. Two different air masses are labeled.

Which cross section best represents the frontal boundary (f b) and general pattern of air movements between locations C and D?

Scientists infer that the universe began approximately

Which graph best shows the relationship of the size of the universe to the temperature indicated by the cosmic microwave background radiation?

The diagram below represents the spectral lines from the light of an element in a laboratory on Earth.

Which diagram below best represents the pattern of spectral lines from the same element when it was observed by Edwin Hubble in the light of one of the distant galaxies?

Cosmic microwave background radiation is classified as a form of electromagnetic energy because it

The current temperature indicated by the cosmic microwave background radiation is

Points A, B, C, and D represent locations on the surface of Earth. Elevations are measured in feet.

In which general direction does Red Creek flow?

Points A, B, C, and D represent locations on the surface of Earth. Elevations are measured in feet.

What is the approximate gradient from point A to point B on the map?

Points A, B, C, and D represent locations on the surface of Earth. Elevations are measured in feet.

What is a possible elevation for the surface of Darry Lin Lake?

Points A, B, C, and D represent locations on the surface of Earth. Elevations are measured in feet.

Which cross section represents an accurate profile of the landscape between points C and D?

The cross section represents the Palisades sill in southern New York State and the surrounding bedrock. Potassium-40 analysis determined the sill to be approximately 200,000,000 years old. The photograph shows a mastodont tooth found in glacial sediments nearby. Carbon-14 analysis determined this tooth to be approximately 11,400 years old.

Which metamorphic rock was most likely produced in the contact zone between the Palisades sill and the sedimentary rock?

The cross section represents the Palisades sill in southern New York State and the surrounding bedrock. Potassium-40 analysis determined the sill to be approximately 200,000,000 years old. The photograph shows a mastodont tooth found in glacial sediments nearby. Carbon-14 analysis determined this tooth to be approximately 11,400 years old.

Potassium-40 is useful for radioactive dating of the Palisades sill because the half-life of potassium-40

The cross section represents the Palisades sill in southern New York State and the surrounding bedrock. Potassium-40 analysis determined the sill to be approximately 200,000,000 years old. The photograph shows a mastodont tooth found in glacial sediments nearby. Carbon-14 analysis determined this tooth to be approximately 11,400 years old.

The mastodont tooth and the entire Palisades sill represented above are similar in that both