HIV

Reverse transcriptase is an unusual enzyme capable of making a DNA copy with an RNA template.

In the replication cycle of HIV, CD4 is a

In the replication cycle of HIV, CCR5 is a

Most RNA viruses don't integrate into the DNA, but HIV does.

HIV is integrated into the genome, which is a

may be asymptomatic, flu-like symptoms, within a month or two of exposure, seroconversion occurs:

HIV viral load rises as CDT4 cells decline

Steep rise in viral load and CD4 < 200 cells/mm3

death from opportunistic pathogens

HIV transmission

HIV diagnoses test for pateint's anti-HIV antibodies (looking for antibodies):

HIV diagnoses test to detect virus RNA in blood

HIV diagnoses test to test for viral proteins in blood

Individuals infected with HIV for many years, who, without antiviral therapy, maintain CD4 count > 500, and low viral loads. (can still get AIDS if left untreated)

Even lower viral loads. HLA allele allows CD8 T cells to efficiently recognize HIV infected cells. Immune response to gag is unusually strong.

Stem cell transplant using CCR5 homozygous mutant has achieved "cure" of HIV in 2 patients:

Endemic mycoses (fungal lung infections)

valley fever (occurring mostly in southwest US, mexico, and central/south america), spores are released and inhaled through lungs, no human to human transmission, dry cough:

Ohio river valley/mississippi river valley, commonly in bat guano and often asymptomatic, but some can develop into severe pulmonary and/or systemic infections:

Causes opportunistic mycoses, bad for immunocompromised, very common both indoors and outdoors, clinical presentation includes brown mucus and coughing up blood, poor prognosis:

causes opportunistic mycoses, typically found on soil, decaying wood, in tree hollows or in bird droppings, usually affects the lungs or CNS, and positive culture stain show halo around cell:

involves destruction of all living microbes, spores, and viruses

reduces the numbers of pathogens or discourages their growth

_____ objects become contaminated when exposed to air and surrondings

most dependable method of steralization

Destroys Myobacterium tuberculosis

pressurized steam is used to sterilize a variety of objects

uses moist heat to reduce bacterial populations in liquid

heating at 63°C for 30mins

heating at 71.6°C for 15secs

heating at 140°C for 3secs (only method capable of sterilizing liquid if it is performed under aseptic conditions)

Transmitted via airborne droplets (person to person) and is a life threatening infection for immunocompromised

mechanical method used to remove microorganisms suspended in liquids or gases

causes thymine molecules to link together --> DISRUPTS DNA REPLICATION

x rays and gamma rays force electrons out of microbial molecules

used to control microbes in food, FDA approved

important in choosing an antiseptic/disinfectant agent:

process of eliminating or reducing pathogens

reducing microbial population to a safe level

removing organisms from an object's surface

used to destroy pathogens on living tissue

are for non-living surfaces

cause cross-linking that inactivates proteins and nucleic acids (ex: medical and dental equipment)

is effective microbicidal and sporicidal, but it is carcinogenic and explosive (v good for medical equipment bc kill spores)

non-toxic and non-carcinogenic agent (ex: was used to decontaminate anthrax exposed mail in 2001)

remove microbes by emulsifying and solubilizing particles on the skin