2. The smallest units of sound are called:

3. Last year, Sarah felt comfortable using her college’s program for online registration. When the college introduced a new program, however, Sarah had difficulty and experienced:

4. When students reflect upon their learning styles and become aware of what they know and don’t know, they are using:

5. Although they could not yet write business letters independently, a group of third-grade students were able to write business letters with their teacher’s assistance. Consequently, this task fell within the students’:

6. Although Emily conversed comfortably with peers and with older adults, she struggled when presenting oral reports in class. Emily had not yet developed:

7. In the word unopened, un is an example of a:

8. Although the classroom community evolves during the school year, effective teachers lay the foundation:

9. Research suggests that during language arts instruction, children are more highly motivated to participate when they:

10. When the teacher gave students time to write in their journals, 8-year-old Mei struggled with spelling. Instead of becoming discouraged, however, she sought help from the teacher, used the class Word Wall, and learned to use spell check features on the computer. This attitude shows that Mei achieved:

11. As he is learning English, 7-year-old Sergei often makes grammatical mistakes such as saying “my dog brown” instead of “My brown dog.” Sergei is having difficulty with the:

12. The theory which emphasizes the use of all six language arts to communicate, solve problems, and persuade others to a course of action is known as:

13. Sixth-grade teacher Ashley Cole gave her students graphic organizers because they needed help to organize their writing. By demonstrating the use of graphic organizers, this teacher provided:

14. Language arts teachers should integrate instruction on viewing with reading instruction primarily because:

15. Because he had successfully learned to decode words with a short a spelling pattern, James was able to read a passage fluently and effortlessly. This automatic action showed that James has mastered a literacy:

16. Twelve-year-old Nicole uses Standard English when giving oral reports in class but she relaxes her language use when she is playing soccer with her friends. Nicole’s use of language shows that she has a good understanding of the:

17. Students feel comfortable, safe, and more willing to take risks when the classroom environment is:

18. The area of language arts in which students create meaning through multiple sign systems such as video productions, dramatizations, and posters is referred to as:

19. In the English language, there are approximately:

20. When 6-year-old Louise heard that the family was going to a baby shower, she asked her mother why the baby was taking a shower instead of a bath. This example shows that Louise had difficulty with the:

21. Two-year-old Brenna had a pet poodle at home. Whenever she saw a dog of any kind, she called it “poodle.” As she got older, Brenna was able to distinguish various breeds such as collies and spaniels. This example, shows that Brenna was able to expand her:

22. Internet texts differ from print materials primarily because Internet texts:

23. Research suggests that students with less effective oral language abilities tend to:

24. Students who are English learners usually make more progress when the classroom environment is:

25.Before reading aloud a text about marine life, the teacher asked her students to share their memories about a recent field trip to a New Jersey beach. This suggests that the teacher’s goal was to: