Researchers recruited parents of infants who lived in urban settings and in rural settings. Parents were asked to rate their infant's disposition on a scale from 1 (very fussy) to 10 (very happy). Rural infants were rated as more fussy than urban infants.

How is disposition measured?

Researchers recruited parents of infants who lived in urban settings and in rural settings. Parents were asked to rate their infant's disposition on a scale from 1 (very fussy) to 10 (very happy). Rural infants were rated as more fussy than urban infants.

How precise is the measure of disposition?

Researchers recruited parents of infants who lived in urban settings and in rural settings. Parents were asked to rate their infant's disposition on a scale from 1 (very fussy) to 10 (very happy). Rural infants were rated as more fussy than urban infants.

How precise is the measure of setting/environment?

...Rural infants were rated as more fussy than urban infants.

Parents might rate their children as more happy than they really are.

This is a worry over...

...Rural infants were rated as more fussy than urban infants.

Researchers also made video recordings of each infant and scored their disposition for how often they smiled. They found good agreement with the parent ratings.

What standard of science is being addressed?

Researchers showed participants upsetting images and asked them to talk through their emotions. Some participants were instructed to speak in the first person ("I feel upset and sad") and others in the third person ("Jose is upset and sad"). An EEG was used to measure the number of stress-related brain events that occurred. Researchers found those who spoke in the third person had fewer stress-related brain events. (inspired by 10.1038/s41598-017-04047-3)

What type of study is this?

Researchers showed participants upsetting images and asked them to talk through their emotions. Some participants were instructed to speak in the first person ("I feel upset and sad") and others in the third person ("Jose is upset and sad"). An EEG was used to measure the number of stress-related brain events that occurred. Researchers found those who spoke in the third person had fewer stress-related brain events. (inspired by 10.1038/s41598-017-04047-3)

What is the IV?

Researchers showed participants upsetting images and asked them to talk through their emotions. Some participants were instructed to speak in the first person ("I feel upset and sad") and others in the third person ("Jose is upset and sad"). An EEG was used to measure the number of stress-related brain events that occurred. Researchers found those who spoke in the third person had fewer stress-related brain events. (inspired by 10.1038/s41598-017-04047-3)

How many levels for the IV?

Researchers showed participants upsetting images and asked them to talk through their emotions. Some participants were instructed to speak in the first person ("I feel upset and sad") and others in the third person ("Jose is upset and sad"). An EEG was used to measure the number of stress-related brain events that occurred. Researchers found those who spoke in the third person had fewer stress-related brain events.

How precise is the measure of stress?

Researchers found those who spoke in the third person had fewer stress-related brain events.

Measuring stress with an EEG sounds unusual, but research has shown it relates to important outcomes from stress, such as heart attack risk and anxiety disorder diagnosis.

What standard of science is being addressed?