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physiology midterm - first semester

Total questions: 210

Worksheet time: 2hrs 4mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Name the physiological process that requires energy

a)

Osmosis

b)

Active transport

c)

Respiration

d)

Diffusion

2.

Name the physiological process being demonstrated.

a)

Diffusion

b)

Acive transport

c)

Osmosis

d)

Photosynthesis

3.

A neuron that conveys sensory impulse from a receptor to the central nervous system is called

a)

Afferent Nerve

b)

Efferent Nerve

c)

Both

d)

None

4.

The immediate source of energy is

a)

Carbohydrate

b)

Fat

c)

Protein

d)

ATP

5.

Identify the cell membrane

a)
b)
c)
d)
6.

Function of sodium pump in maintaining resting membrane potential is the movement of ____________

a)

3 sodium ions outside and 2 potassium ions inside

b)

2 sodium ions outside and 3 potassium ions inside

c)

3 calcium ions outside and 2 potassium ions inside

d)

3 magnesium ions outside and 2 potassium ions inside

7.
The influx of which ion at the axon terminal causes exocytosis of neurotransmitters into the cleft.
a)
Sodium
b)
Calcium
c)
Potassium
8.

The function of myelin is:

a)

Speeds the nervous impulse.

b)

Inhibits the nervous impulse.

c)

Creates an action potential.

d)

Blocks the chemical neurotransmitters

9.
Calcium channels on the axon terminal are _______ gated.
a)
Voltage 
b)
Chemically
c)
Mechancially
10.

The nervous system is mainly divided in:

a)

Central and peripheral nervous system.

b)

Autonomic and central nervous system.

c)

Somatic and peripheral nervous system.

d)

Sensory and central nervous system

11.

Are parts of the neuron:

a)

Axon

b)

Chloroplasts

c)

Collagen

d)

Dendrites

e)

Temporals

12.

The neurons which carry impulses from the central nervous system to peripheral organs are called _______

a)

Sensory neurons

b)

Primary neurons

c)

Secondary neurons

d)

Motor neurons

13.

In an Axon of a mylenated neuron, the area where myelin sheath is absent is called ________

a)

Internode

b)

Node of Seddan

c)

Node of Ranvier

d)

Node of Random

14.

Which of the following is NOT true of the Nervous System?

a)

includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

b)

fast-acting control system of the body

c)

supplies the blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

d)

responds to internal and external changes

15.

_____ is the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment.

a)

physiology

b)

anatomy

c)

homeostasis

d)

kinesiology

16.

What is the proper order for a negative feedback loop?

a)

Sensor, control, effector, stimulus

b)

control, effector, stimulus, sensor

c)

stimulus, sensor, control, effector

d)

effector, sensor, control, stimulus

17.
What is the normal resting potential of a neuron cell membrane?
a)
+40mV
b)
-30mV
c)
+55mV
d)
-70mV
18.
Which ions are involved in an action potential?
a)
Na; Cl
b)
Na; K
c)
K; Cl
d)
Na; Ca
19.
At which point on the diagram does depolarisation of the axon occur? 
a)
A
b)
B
c)
C
d)
D
20.
The sodium potassium pump restores the resting potential. By which process does this work? 
a)
Osmosis
b)
Diffusion
c)
Facilitated diffusion
d)
Active transport
21.
A membrane potential becoming less negative is called
a)
hyperpolarization
b)
depolarization
c)
repolarization
d)
polarization
22.
In resting potential, neurons have more _________ on the outside of the cell membrane.
a)
K+
b)
NaCl
c)
Na+
d)
Cl-
23.

When is the potassium channel open?

a)

during rest only

b)

during repolarization only

c)

during depolarization only

d)

all the time

24.

What number(s) on the graph represents the THRESHOLD level of stimulus?

a)

1 and 5

b)

2

c)

3

d)

6

25.

When a membrane potential reaches +35mV, ________ channels open, ________ occurs, and ________ channels close.

a)

Sodium, depolarization, potassium

b)

Potassium, depoloarization, sodium

c)

sodium, repolarization, potassium

d)

potassium, repolarization, sodium

26.
Why is -55 mV a significant number?
a)
This is the largest charge achieved during an action potential
b)
This is the threshold required to complete an action potential
c)
This is the resting charge of a neuron
d)
This is the charge when all the sodium is inside the cell
27.
The sodium-potassium pump....
a)
Sends (Na+) into the cell
b)
Sends (K+) into the cell
c)
Exchanges (K+) & (Na+) during depolarization
d)
Exchanges (K+) & (Na+) during hyperpolarization
28.

An action potential is __________ in nature, with the inside of the neuron being more ________.

a)

chemical, negative

b)

electrical, negative

c)

chemical, positive

d)

electrical, positive

29.
At what stage are both ions present in large concentrations INSIDE the neuron?
a)
Depolarizarion
b)
Repolarization
c)
Hyperpolarization
d)
Resting Potential
30.
What number on the graph represents the Hyperpolarization phase?
a)
1
b)
2
c)
3
d)
4
31.
What number(s) on the graph represents the Resting Potential?
a)
1 and 2
b)
1 and 5
c)
2 and 3
d)
3 and 4
32.
When a neuron is depolarized, what are the first channels to open?
a)
Sodium
b)
Potassium
c)
Calcium
d)
ACTH
33.
When a neuron is resting, the inside of the axon has a ____________ charge.
a)
-55 mV
b)
-70 mV
c)
40 mV
d)
-75 mV
34.
What does homeostasis mean?
a)
Temperature
b)
Water
c)
Cells
d)
Steady state
35.
Permeable means
a)
things can pass through
b)
the concentration levels are different
c)
it is permanen
d)
things are stuck
36.
What is the insulating membrane that surrounds parts of the axon that helps to protect & propagate action potential?
a)
Axon
b)
Dendrites
c)
Node of Ranvier
d)
Myelin Sheath
37.
What is diffusion?
a)
when molecules move 
b)
when molecules move from a high concentration to a low.
c)
no movement 
d)
molecules move everywhere
38.
Osmosis it the diffusion of __________.
a)
water
b)
glucose
c)
air
d)
passive transport
39.
During osmosis and diffusion substances pass through which organelle?
a)
nucleus
b)
cell membrane
c)
endoplasmic reticulum
d)
golgi body
40.
When a neuron is resting, the inside of the axon has a ____________ charge.
a)
positive
b)
negative
41.
The movement of substances in and out of the cell without using energy is
a)
active transport
b)
passive transport
c)
endocytosis
d)
exocytosis
42.
Look at the picture...are there more molecules inside (area A) or outside the cell (area B)?
a)
A
b)
B
43.
Look at the picture...which way would the molecules of water move according to osmosis?
a)
From A to B
b)
From B to A
44.

Negative feedback loops ...

a)

are one way an organism can maintain homeostasis.

b)

are rarely found in healthy individuals

c)

respond by making deviations from normal even larger

d)

cannot be counteracted with medicine

45.

What part of the negative feedback loop is what happens inside of the organism, as the result of the effector?

a)

Initiation event

b)

Response

c)

Receptor

d)

Effector

46.

A change inside of the organism caused by the initiation event is the ...

a)

response

b)

effector

c)

control center

d)

stimulus

47.

Which part of the feedback loop is a body part that makes a change to bring the system back to homeostasis?

a)

Effector

b)

control center

c)

response

d)

receptor

48.

What detects that the system is outside of homeostasis and adjustments need to be made?

a)

effector

b)

response

c)

control center

d)

stimulus

49.

The body part that senses the change inside the organism ...

a)

receptor

b)

control center

c)

effector

d)

response

50.

Identify the stimulus event.


Scenario: A person begins to exercise which causes their body temperature to increase. The temperature change is noticed and the person begins to sweat and their body temperature decreases.

a)

body temperature increases

b)

person begins to sweat

c)

temperature change is noticed

d)

person begins to exercise

51.

Identify the stimulus that restores homeostasis.


Scenario: A person begins to exercise which causes their body temperature to increase. The temperature change is noticed (sensed) and the person begins to sweat and their body temperature decreases.

a)

temperature changes is noticed

b)

a person begins to exercise

c)

body temperature increases

d)

body temperature decreases

52.

Which part of the feedback loop and body is responsible for sensing the temperature change?


Scenario: A person begins to exercise which causes their body temperature to increase. The temperature change is noticed (sensed) and the person begins to sweat and their body temperature decreases.

a)

control center - sweat glands

b)

receptor - sweat

c)

control center - hypothalamus (part of the brain)

d)

receptor - brain and skin receptors

53.

Identify the response.


Scenario: A person begins to exercise which causes their body temperature to increase. The temperature change is noticed (sensed) and the person begins to sweat and their body temperature decreases.

a)

the person begins to sweat

b)

the person begins to exercise

c)

change in temperature

d)

body temperature increases

54.

What is DIFFUSION?

a)
b)
c)
d)
55.

Diffusion & Facilitated Diffusion are both __________ transport.

a)

Passive

b)

Active

c)

Easy

d)

Free

56.

An example of pump transport is

a)

glucose transport

b)

osmosis

c)

Na+/K+ Pump

d)

CO2 + O2 Transport

57.

Active transport across a cell membrane from low to high concentration, requires

a)

energy (ATP)

b)

no energy

c)

water

d)

oxygen

58.

What is the movement of particles with the concentration gradient using protein "carriers"?

a)

diffusion

b)

facilitated diffusion

c)

active transport

d)

enzymatic reactions

59.

What is a difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

a)

movement of particles from [high] to [low]

b)

a protein "carrier"

c)

movement of particles from [low] to [high]

d)

energy

60.

Active transport is the movement of large materials across a cell membrane from ______ to ______ concentration

a)

high to low

b)

low to high

c)

high to high

d)

low to low

61.

A form of bulk transport in which materials are transported from the inside to the outside of the cell in membrane-bound vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

a)

Endocytosis

b)

Exocytosis

c)

Osmosis

d)

Diffusion

62.

An example of facilitated diffusion is

a)

CO2 and O2 exchange in the lungs

b)

Glucose transport

c)

Na+ / K+ Pumps

d)

Endocytosis

63.

white blood cells engulfing invading bacteria is an example of

a)

Endocytosis

b)

Exocytosis

c)

Diffusion

d)

Facilitated Diffusion

64.

nerve cells release neurotransmitters across gaps

and secretion of proteins and wastes

a)

Exocytosis

b)

Endocytosis

c)

Diffusion

d)

Facilitated Diffusion

65.

small compartment enclosed by a membrane formed during transport of material during endo + exocytosis

a)

vesicles

b)

large vacuole

c)

mitochondria

d)

lysosome

66.
What type of transport is this?
a)
Endocytosis
b)
Diffusion
c)
Exocytosis
d)
Osmosis
67.
What type of transport is this?
a)
Endocytosis
b)
Facilitated Diffusion
c)
Active Transport Pump
d)
Osmosis
68.

Active transport is movement of particles through the cell membrane from a region of ...1... to a region of ...2... using energy in the form of ...3...

a)

1: lower concentration, 2: higher concentration, 3: NADPH

b)

1: higher concentration, 2: lower concentration, 3: NADPH

c)

1: higher concentration, 2: lower concentration, 3: ATP

d)

1: lower concentration, 2: higher concentration, 3: ATP

69.

Which one is the definition of active transport?

a)

movement of particles through the cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy in the form of ATP.

b)

passage of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane

c)

net movement of molecule from a region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration. Molecule down a concentration gradient

d)

net movement of molecule from a region of lower concentration to region of higher concentration. Molecule down a concentration gradient

70.
The picture is an example of...
a)
active tranport
b)
passive transport
c)
diffusion
d)
osmosis
71.
The roots of a plant contain a high concentration of minerals and the soil contains a lower concentration.  The roots absorb minerals from the soil.  This is an example of
a)
passive transport.
b)
active transport.
c)
diffusion
d)
osmosis
72.
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
a)
Active does not need energy and passive uses ATP (energy)
b)
Active uses ATP (energy) and passive does not need energy
c)
Active stores transport proteins and passive releases 
d)
Active uses hormones and passive does not 
73.

Special transport proteins in the cell membrane carry out active transport. How are molecules transported through the protein pumps?

a)

The molecules are sucked in automatically through the transport proteins.

b)

The transport proteins change shape to push the molecules through the membrane of the cell.

c)

The protein pumps have characteristics which attract molecules from the outside of the cell.

d)

They just naturally occur without any efforts.

74.

If a red blood cell is put in distilled water, what will most likely happen to the cell?

a)

Nothing will happen

b)

It will shrivel.

c)

It will burst and then shrivel up

d)

It will swell and burst

75.

What does semi-permeable mean?

a)

Some molecules can move through the membrane

b)

Nothing can move through the membrane

c)

All molecules can pass through the membrane.

76.
Which diagram best shows the end result of diffusion?
a)
F
b)
G
c)
H
d)
J
77.
Active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient 
a)
true
b)
false 
78.
Which form of active transport is being shown?
a)
Pinocytosis
b)
Endocytosis
c)
Exocytosis
d)
Osmosis
79.

When cells take in food molecules through active transport, what is it called?

a)

diffusion

b)

phagocytosis

c)

exocytosis

d)

osmosis

80.
When cells form a vesicle to release materials, which form of transport is occurring? 
a)
Endocytosis
b)
Exocytosis
c)
Facilitated Diffusion
d)
Osmosis
81.
Materials that can move across a membrane with passive transport include
a)
water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
b)
starch and other polysaccharides
c)
DNA and RNA
d)
large proteins
82.
When the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is equal to the concentration inside the cell, the solution is
a)
hypertonic
b)
hypotonic
c)
isotonic
d)
ionic
83.
What happens to a cell placed in a HYPOTONIC solution?
a)
It shrinks
b)
It swells
c)
Nothing Happens
84.
What happens to a cell placed in a HYPERTONIC solution
a)
It shrinks
b)
It swells
c)
Nothing happens
85.
Exocytosis is the movement of
a)
any type of substance from outside the cell to the inside of the cell. 
b)
very large substances from outside the cell to the inside of the cell. 
c)
any type of substance from inside the cell to the outside.
d)
very large substances from inside the cell to the outside.
86.
If something goes "along" its concentration gradient it goes from
a)
an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
b)
an area of high concentration to an area of low concetration
87.

Which of the following involves the non selective uptake of tiny droplets of extracellular fluid?

a)

Exocytosis

b)

pinocytosis

c)

sodium pump

d)

phagocytosis

88.

Pinocytosis is:

a)

Ingestion of solid particle

b)

Ingestion of liquid particle

c)

Changed permeability of plasmalemma towards ions

d)

both a and b

89.

A white blood cell is capable of producing and releasing thousands of antibodies molecules every second.Antibodies are large,complex protein molecules. How would you expect them to leave the cell?

a)

by pinocytosis

b)

by exocytosis

c)

by active transport

d)

by receptor -mediated endocytosis

90.

What is the process of eating?

a)

Phagocytosis

b)

Pinocytosis

c)

Cellular respiration

d)

Photosynthesis

91.

One type of Phagocytosis is endocytosis?

a)

True

b)

False

92.
Most of the cell membrane is made of...
a)
Lipids
b)
Carbohydrates
c)
Proteins
d)
Nucleic acids
93.
What forms the channels and pumps in the phospholipid bilayer?
a)
carbohydrates
b)
proteins
c)
hydrophilic heads 
d)
lipids
94.
Hydrophilic means...
a)
water-loving
b)
water-fearing
c)
nonpolar
d)
lipid soluble
95.
What does "bilayer" mean?
a)
one layer
b)
two layers
c)
laminated
d)
bilateral
96.

An action potential is caused by an influx of ___ ions into the cell.

a)

Magnesium

b)

Calcium

c)

Sodium

d)

Potassium

97.

Which of the following is CORRECT during phase labeled 10

a)

Na+ voltage gated channel opens

b)

Na-K pump active

c)

K+ voltage gated channel opens

d)

K+voltage gated channel slowly close

98.

The following statements are correct regarding the relative refractory period EXCEPT

a)

Prevent the backflow of impulse transmission

b)

Due to the slow process of closing K+ voltage gated ion channel

c)

High threshold level

d)

New impulse can be generated

99.

To initiate an action potential, the following must occur EXCEPT .

a)

Efflux of K+ ion

b)

Threshold level exceeded

c)

Closing of K+ voltage gated channel

d)

Diffusion of Na+ ions through Na+ voltage gated channel

100.
A membrane potential becoming less negative is called
a)
hyperpolarization
b)
depolarization
c)
repolarization
d)
polarization
101.

What is the function of the nerve cells?

a)

They are responsable of your defense mechanism.

b)

They transmit signals or messages to other neurons, organs or glands.

c)

They transmit substances to your endocrine system to produce hormones.

102.

What is the name of the part of the neuron that is pointed out in the image?

a)

Cell Body (Soma)

b)

Axon

c)

Myelin Sheats

d)

Dendrites

103.

Type of neuron located only in the brain and spinal cord that pass impulses from one neuron to another.

a)

Motor Neuron

b)

Interneuron

c)

Sensory Neuron

104.

Type of neuron that sends nerve impulses to muscles and gland, by the command of other neurons.

a)

Motor Neurons

b)

Interneurons

c)

Sensory Neurons

105.
What is the name of cells that support the cells that send information?
a)
Neurons
b)
Axons
c)
Dendrites
d)
Neuroglia
106.

Neurons that only have one process?

a)

Multipolar

b)

Bipolar

c)

Unipolar

d)

Unpolar

107.

Unipolar neurons are always ....

a)

Sensory

b)

Reflex

c)

Visual

d)

Only in the CNS

108.

The Central Nervous System is almost all ....

a)

Unpolar

b)

Bipolar

c)

Multipolar

d)

Unipolar

109.

An example of a reflex action includes

a)

Touching a butterfly

b)

Brushing your hand against the side of your body

c)

Touching a hot stove

d)

Your legs moving as you walk

110.

In a reflex arc, the sensory neuron leads to the ___________ and the motor neuron leads to the __________

a)

Spinal cord, CNS

b)

CNS, muscle

c)

Spinal cord, muscle

d)

Muscle, CNS

111.

Reflex actions are important because

a)

They provide a quick, involuntary response

b)

They prevent injury

c)

They are essential to the survival of organisms

d)

All of the above

112.

Which type of neuron causes a muscle to contract in a reflex arc?

a)

Motor Neuron

b)

Sensory Neuron

c)

Interneuron

d)

Effector

113.

True or False: Interneurons can be found in the spinal cord.

a)

True

b)

False

114.
Salivary glands are an example of ...
a)
A receptor
b)
A relay
c)
A detector
d)
An effector
115.
What makes up the CNS
a)
brain and spinal cord
b)
brain and neurons
c)
brain
d)
spine and neurons
116.
What are the two systems found in the PNS?
a)
Somatic and autonomic
b)
Autonomic and systemic
c)
Automatic and somatic
d)
Systematic and automatic
117.
What does the P in PNS stand for?
a)
Peretal 
b)
Peripheral 
c)
Poetal
d)
Prevalent 
118.
The movement of the impulse down a neurone is due to an influx of Na+ ions. This is an example of what sort of feedback?
a)
Positive
b)
Negative
c)
Not an example of any feedback
119.
To stimulate a neurone there must be a certain level of stimulation from synapses, if not then the neurone will not send the impulse. This is known as the ...
a)
Maximum level
b)
Total level
c)
Threshold level
d)
Stimulating level
120.
What are the 2 major divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
a)
Sensory & Motor
b)
Peripheral & Central
c)
Somatic & Autonomic
d)
Brain & Spinal Cord
121.

The resting membrane potential is caused by:

a)

Diffusion of K+ ions outside the nerve fibers.

b)

Diffusion of Na+ ions inside the nerve fibers

c)

Opening of the chemically activated ion channels.

d)

Opening of the voltage gated activated ion channels.

122.

Which of the following divisions is NOT a part of the peripheral nervous system?

a)

motor

b)

brainstem

c)

sensory

123.

Function of Axon

a)

Part of a neuron, which receives incoming stimuli

b)

Nerve that transmits impulses from sense organs towards the central nervous system (CNS)

c)

Part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body

d)

Part of a neuron that directs impulses away from the CNS towards a muscle or gland

124.

Function of Afferent Fibers

a)

Part of a neuron, which receives incoming stimuli

b)

Nerve that transmits impulses from sense organs towards the central nervous system (CNS)

c)

Part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body

d)

Part of a neuron that directs impulses away from the CNS towards a muscle or gland

125.

Function of Efferent Fibers

a)

Part of a neuron, which receives incoming stimuli

b)

Nerve that transmits impulses from sense organs towards the central nervous system (CNS)

c)

Part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body

d)

Part of a neuron that directs impulses away from the CNS towards a muscle or gland

126.

Na+ channels closed and K+ channels opened so that K+ ions can exit the cell

a)

Resting potential

b)

Depolarisation

c)

Repolarisation

d)

Hyperpolarisation

e)

Refractory

127.

The cell is expending energy to maintain a membrane potential of –70mV

a)

Resting potential

b)

Depolarisation

c)

Repolarisation

d)

Hyperpolarisation

e)

Refractory

128.

There is a certain amount of overshoot so that the neuron membrane is more negative than at rest

a)

Resting potential

b)

Depolarisation

c)

Repolarisation

d)

Hyperpolarisation

e)

Refractory

129.

The plasma membrane is not responsive to stimuli until after the resting potential has been restored

a)

Resting potential

b)

Refractory period

c)

Depolarisation

d)

Hyperpolarisation

130.

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?

a)

blood pressure regulation

b)

childbirth

c)

regulation of fluid balance

d)

temperature regulation

131.

Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes

a)

blood vessels in the skin to constrict

b)

breathing to become slow and shallow

c)

sweat glands to increase their output

d)

all of the above

132.

When glucose levels in the blood rise, your brain sends a signal to your pancreas. The pancreas releases insulin, which opens channels in cell membranes to allow glucose to enter the cell, lowering blood sugar levels.

a)

Positive Feedback

b)

Negative Feedback

133.

Example of SYMPORT

a)

Glucose transporter

b)

Na dependant glucose transport

c)

chloride/bicarbonate exchange

134.

Which thin filament protein bind to Ca during muscle contraction?

a)

Actin

b)

Myosin

c)

Troponin

d)

Tropomyosin

135.

What is the name of the plasma membrane surrounding each muscle fiber?

a)

T Tubule

b)

Sarcolemma

c)

Sarcoplasm

d)

Nucleus

136.

What is the contractile unit of the muscle?

a)

Z disk

b)

Sarcomere

c)

Muscle fiber

d)

Muscle cell

137.

What protein makes up the thick filaments?

a)

Troponin

b)

Tropomyosin

c)

Myosin

d)

Actin

138.

What part of the muscle fiber stores Ca ions and releases them when stimulated?

a)

T tubule

b)

Sarcolemma

c)

Nucleus

d)

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

139.

What is the name of the location where the neuron and muscle fiber meet?

a)

Sarcoplasm

b)

Sacolemma

c)

Neuromuscular junction

d)

Axon terminal

140.

What is the name of the neurotransmitter that is released from the neuron to the sarcolemma?

a)

Acetylcholine

b)

Acetone

c)

ATP

d)

Calcium

141.

Which of these occurs first during a muscle contraction?

a)

The nerve signal reaches the neuromuscular junction

b)

Ach is released and opens Na ion channels

c)

The sarcomere shortens

d)

The myosin binds to the actin

142.

Which of these occurs last during a muscle contraction?

a)

The nerve signal reaches the neuromuscular junction

b)

Ach is released and opens Na ion channels

c)

The sarcomere shortens

d)

The myosin binds to the actin

143.

Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles within

a)

motor units

b)

motor neuron endings

c)

myofibrils

d)

motor end plates

144.

What chemical helps to regenerate ATP?

a)

acetylcholine

b)

cholinsterase

c)

creatine phosphate

d)

ADP

145.

Which of the following muscle types are voluntary?

a)

Skeletal

b)

Cardiac

c)

Smooth muscle

146.

A person who has a disease that inhibits the production of cholinesterase would have what kind of symptoms?

a)

prolonged muscle contraction

b)

flacid muscles

c)

inability to speak

d)

paralyzed

147.

During a muscle contraction, cross-bridges from between what two structures?

a)

Actin and myosin fibers

b)

neuron and muscle

c)

mitochondria and actin

148.

Vesicles in the motor neuron store what substance?

a)

cholinsterase

b)

acetylcholine

c)

calcium

d)

curare

149.

Muscle fatigue is likely due to the build up of

a)

acetylcholine

b)

cholinsterase

c)

lactic acid

d)

glucose

150.

What is the energy source that is used for all contractions?

a)

Glucose

b)

Creatine

c)

ATP

d)

Oxygen

151.

The protein that covers the binding site on actin when a muscle is relaxed is called

a)

Troponin

b)

Myosin

c)

Tropomyosin

d)

Myofibril

152.

This structure stores calcium in the muscle cell

a)

Sarcolemma

b)

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

c)

Sarcomere

153.

This is a picture of

a)

Tropomyosin

b)

Actin

c)

Myosin

d)

The thin filament

154.

Which combo of chemicals are essential for a muscle contraction?

a)

Potassium, ADP, Phosphorous

b)

Calcium, Potassium, Phosphorous

c)

Sodium, Potassium, Glucose

d)

Calcium, ATP, Sodium

155.

What is not a function of the muscular system?

a)

Maintaining posture

b)

Generating heat

c)

Movement

d)

Storing red blood cells

156.
Z represents
a)
Dendrite
b)
Axon Terminal
c)
Neurotransmitters
d)
Synapse
157.
Once calcium is released, it will
a)
attaches to myosin head
b)
attaches to receptors 
c)
attaches to tropomyosin
d)
attaches to troponin
158.
Number 3 represents which of the following events
a)
action potential reaches the axon terminal
b)
sodium rushes into the muscle fiber
c)
potassium leaving the muscle fiber
d)
ACh crossing the synaptic cleft
159.
What are the two ions transported across the membrane in an action potential?
a)
O2- and K+
b)
K+ and Na+
c)
Ca+2 and B+3
d)
Na+1 and Cl
160.
What is the name of the protein myofilament that pulls the actin towards the center of the Sarcomere?
a)
Fascicle
b)
Actin
c)
Myosin
d)
Titin
161.
Inside a muscle cell that is at rest, the internal charge is _______.
a)
Negative
b)
Positive
c)
Neutral
162.
When Sodium ions fly into the muscle cell, it's said to be __________.
a)
Repolarizing
b)
Depolarizing
c)
Electrically neutral
d)
none of the above
163.
Identify one factor that can cause the first sodium channel to open in a muscle cell.  
a)
Calcium ions being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
b)
Acetylcholine being released from the motor neuron
c)
Calcium ions binding to troponin
d)
ATP causing the myosin heads to pop up.  
164.
enzyme that breaks down the muscle cell neurotransmitter and ends the impulse
a)
lactase
b)
sucrase
c)
lipase
d)
acetylcholinterase
165.
What two chemicals are necessary for muscle contraction to occur?
a)
Niacin and Potassium
b)
Calcium and ATP
c)
Sodium and Potassium
d)
Ach and Potassium
166.
situation in which muscle loses its ability to contract, due to being used strenuously for a long period of time
a)
muscle pain
b)
muscle cramp
c)
muscle fatigue
d)
oxygen debt
167.
minimal amount of stimulus needed to cause a muscle to contract
a)
all or none principle
b)
threshold stimulus
c)
neurotransmitter
d)
neuromuscular junction
168.
Creatine phosphate provides energy to muscle cells by
a)
becoming oxidized and losing phosphate to ATP to form ADP
b)
becoming oxidized and losing phosphate to ADP to form ATP
c)
providing ATP directly to muscle cells
d)
providing ADP directly to muscle cells
169.

The enzyme cholinesterase causes acetylcholine to

a)

be secreted from the motor end plate.

b)

form cross bridges.

c)

bind to actin.

d)

decompose.

170.

Which of the following must happen to detach the cross-bridge between actin and myosin?

a)

ATP must bind to myosin

b)

ATP must bind to actin

c)

ATP must be broken down

d)

Calcium must bind to tropomyosin

171.

Which regulatory protein covers the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules?

a)

Troponin

b)

Calcium

c)

Connectin

d)

Tropomyosin

172.

During the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by:

a)

Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

b)

Protein kinase A

c)

An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration

d)

Membrane depolarization

173.

Contraction in which the tension remains the same, muscles shorten, used in movement. Example: a bicep curl,

a)

fatigue

b)

isometric contraction

c)

absolute refractory period

d)

relative refractory period

e)

isotonic contraction

174.

Contraction in which the muscle is activated, but instead of being allowed to lengthen or shorten, it is held at a constant length. Example: carrying an object in front of you.

a)

fatigue

b)

isometric contraction

c)

absolute refractory period

d)

relative refractory period

e)

isotonic contraction

175.
What is the name of the protein myofilament that pulls the actin towards the center of the Sarcomere?
a)
Fascicle
b)
Actin
c)
Myosin
d)
Titin
176.
The segment of a myofibril that is called a sarcomere runs from _______________.
a)
one Z line to the next Z line
b)
one H zone to the next H zone
c)
one A band to the next A band
d)
one end of a skeletal muscle to the opposite end
177.
Into what does the neuron release its neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?
a)
motor end plate
b)
cytoplasm of the muscle cell
c)
terminal cisternae
d)
synapse
178.
Which of these statements is correct regarding muscle contraction?
a)
All motor units act together
b)
Muscle contraction continues for long periods after nervous stimulation ceases
c)
The myosin heads bind to the actin and shorten the sarcomeres
d)
Troponin is not needed to strengthen the contracting muscle cell.
179.
Which of the following is not a component of a thin filament?
a)
actin
b)
myosin
c)
troponin
d)
tropomyosin
180.
Muscle fatigue sets in due to the nonavailability of 
a)
calcium
b)
ATP
c)
actin binding sites
d)
sodium
181.
Which of the following sets of ions are needed in the muscle fiber to eventually cause a contraction?
a)
sodium and potassium
b)
calcium and magnesium
c)
sodium and calcium
d)
sodium and magnesium
182.
The neurotransmitter always used at the neuromuscular junction is: 
a)
It depends upon the type of muscle being innervated
b)
noradrenaline
c)
acetylcholine
d)
dopamine
183.
Which of the following steps occurs first?
a)
myosin heads attach to actin
b)
myosin heads pivot pulling the actin filament toward the center
c)
cross-bridges detach from actin when a new ATP binds to myosin
d)
another cross-bridge forms
184.
Which structure contains large amounts of calcium used for muscle? 
a)
sarcomere
b)
mitochondria
c)
sarcoplasmic reticulum
d)
myofibril
185.
Involuntary
a)
skeletal
b)
cardiac
c)
smooth
d)
smooth and cardiac
186.
attached to bones
a)
cardiac
b)
smooth
c)
skeletal
187.
Concerning the Cross Bridge Cycle, When ADP leaves the myosin head, the ________
a)
the myosin head goes into the cocked or ready position
b)
myosin head pulls on the actin and the sarcomere shortens
c)
The myosin head enters the high energy state and only binds to the actin filament
d)
the myosin head enters the low energy state
188.
Calcium is stored in the _________________ and binds to ___________________ causing tropomyosin to expose myosin binding sites on actic
a)
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/Troponin
b)
Sarcoplasmic Reticlum/Myosin heads
c)
Endoplasmic Reticulum/Troponin
d)
Endoplasmic Reticulum/Myosin heads
189.
Which is NOT a function of the muscular system? 
a)
Generating Heat
b)
Cleaning out toxins
c)
Maintaining Posture
d)
Dilating and constricting the pupil
190.
Thick filaments are also know as:
a)
Actin
b)
Myosin
c)
Troponin
d)
Tropmyosin
191.
Can muscle contractions occur without the prescence of oxygen?
a)
No
b)
Yes
192.
What is the boundary of the sarcomere? 
a)
H Zone
b)
M Line
c)
I Band
d)
Z Line
193.
Out of the three ways to make ATP, which method uses oxygen to create 36 ATP/1 Glucose
a)
Creatine Phosphate
b)
Aerobic Respiration
c)
Anaerobic
194.
What is an isometric contraction? 
a)
When muscle shortens or lengthens
b)
When muscle stays the same size
195.
When is lactic acid formed?
a)
Aerobic respiration
b)
Anaerobic respiration
c)
Creatine phosphate
196.
The ________ functions in storing Ca2. 
a)
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
b)
T Tubules
c)
Mitochondria
d)
Fascicle
197.
The cell membrane of a muscle cell is called the?
a)
Sarcoplasm
b)
Sarcolemma
c)
Z-Line
d)
A-Band
198.

Parasympathetic stimulation:

a)

increase in smooth muscle excitability leads to contraction

b)

increase in smooth muscle excitability leads to relaxation

199.

Sympathetic Stimulation:

a)

decrease in smooth muscle excitability leads to contraction

b)

decrease in smooth muscle excitability leads to relaxation

200.

Which two hormones increases the smooth muscle excitability?

a)

Estrogen (uterine smooth muscle) and Progesterone (uterine smooth muscle)

b)

Progesterone (uterine smooth muscle) and Vasopressin

c)

Catecholamines and Estrogen (uterine smooth muscle)

d)

Estrogen (uterine smooth muscle) and Vasopressin

201.

Which physical factors help decrease smooth muscles excitability and contractility?

a)

cold temperature and warm temperature

b)

cold temperature and mild to moderate temperature

c)

warm temperature and overstretch

d)

warm temperature and mild to moderate temperature

202.

RMP of skeletal and smooth muscle

a)

-70 (smooth) and -90 (skeletal)

b)

-40 (smooth) and -50(skeletal)

c)

-40 (smooth) and -90 (skeletal)

d)

-90 (smooth) and -40 (skeletal)

203.

The electrical activity developed in a muscle or nerve cell during activity or depolarisation is called

a)

Resting membrane potential

b)

Action potential

c)

Motor contraction

d)

All

204.

Structural Unit of Skeletal Muscle

a)

Neurons

b)

Sarcomere

c)

Sarcolemma

d)

Muscle fiber

205.

elongation of sarcomere

a)

relaxation

b)

contraction

206.

Troponin T

a)

binds with calcium

b)

binds with tropomyosin

c)

inhibits contraction

207.

The binding sites for the cross‐bridges are located on __________.

a)

actin

b)

myosin

c)

troponin

208.

In relaxed muscle, the myosin-binding site on actin is blocked by ________.

a)

titin

b)

troponin

c)

myoglobin

d)

tropomyosin

209.

Muscle relaxation occurs when ________.

a)

calcium ions are actively transported out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

b)

calcium ions diffuse out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

c)

calcium ions are actively transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

d)

calcium ions diffuse into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

210.

Thin and thick filaments are organized into functional units called ________.

a)

myofibrils

b)

myofilaments

c)

T-tubules

d)

sarcomeres