WorksheetsHSCI Exam 1 study guide
Total questions: 25
Worksheet time: 13mins
How is glucose stored and why is it stored that way?
Stored as glycogen, saves space, doesn't have as much influence on osmotic flux compared to glucose
stored as glucagon. so it is ready to break down glycogen
stored as glucose in our cell membranes. this is so cells have a quick source of energy.
Stored as alanine. This is because we are resting, and do not need to use it.
Where are the NADs in glycolysis coming from?
The electron transport chain
The Krebs cycle
From the conversion of pyruvate to lactate
From the Endoplasmic reticulum
What are the precursors to acetyl Coa?
pyruvate and glycogen
glycogen and lactate
fatty acids and Co2
pyruvate and fatty acids
Sam holds his breath for an impossibly long length of time. What kind of effect would this have on his enzymes?
Would increase the efficiency of his enzymes by up regulating their production
Would inhibit/denature them due to a lowering in pH
Would inhibit/denature them due to a raise in pH
Would inhibit/denature them due to lowering the alkalinity
You lay in your bed for hours upon hours consuming large amounts of fries and sugary soda for your week off. What process is mainly taking place to the glucose being consumed?
glycogenesis
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
lactic acid fermentation
Where does glycolysis take place? Does it need oxygen?
cytosol, no
inter-membrane matrix, no
Matrix of the mitochondria, yes
outside of the cell, no
Our Krebs cycle has stopped working. Why would this mainly have such a huge effect on the ETC?
CO2 buildup would occur and would halt our ETC
No O2 being brought into the ETC
No FADHS or NADHs to funnel into the ETC
No effect; our ETC functions independently of the Krebs cycle
Where is ATP produced throughout the glycolysis-Krebs-oxidative phosphorylation pathway?
2 net from glycolysis, 4 from Krebs, 28 from ETC
0 net from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs, 28 from ETC
4 net from glycolysis, 1 from Krebs, up to 34 from ETC
2 net from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs, up to 34 from ETC
If the weight of pyruvate is 88, what is the molecular weight of lactate?
86 daltons
90 daltons
90 frisch-hertz
90 joules
What is a rate limiting enzyme and which enzyme in glycolysis can be considered one?
hexokinase- a rate limiting enzyme is the slowest reaction of the bunch.
hexokinase- a rate limiting enzyme is the fastest reaction of the bunch
Glucokinase-a rate limiting enzyme is the slowest enzyme of the bunch
phosphofructokinase-a rate limiting enzyme is the slowest reaction of the bunch
How does coffee relate to the effect of cAMP?
coffee inhibits or blocks PDE
coffee degrades cAMP
Coffee inhibits cAMP
Coffee makes PDE more efficient
What does the percent saturation of a binding site depend on?
The size of the receptors binding site and the color of the ligand
# of free ligands and their affinity
ions charge and concentration
The number of free ligands and Ca+ available
What are the two things an effector protein will do?
prompt a second messenger/convert GTP to GDP
Inhibit PDE and degrade GTP to GDP
Stop the G protein from working and send out glutamate
Prompt a second messenger/convert GDP to GTP
an olympic runner has transitioned to a couch potato and has not exercised in MONTHS. Do you think there will be an up-regulation or down-regulation of their receptors?
up-regulation
down-regulation
A lipid soluble messenger and a water soluble messenger reach their designated receptors at the same time. Which messenger will have a slower, more sustained response? Why?
the Water-soluble messenger
The Lipid-soluble messenger
T/F: The larger the concentration gradient, the larger the equilibrium potential because a larger, electrically-driven movement of ions will be required to balance the movement due to the concentration difference.
True
False
What is the position of optimal influence for an axon terminal on the soma/cell body. WHY?
Midway to the axon hillock. This allows for a more spacious position where it is not competing against other axon terminals
Farthest from the axon hillock. This allows for more spatial summation to occur.
Closest to the axon hillock. This is because there’s less decremental spread.
Close to other axon terminals that send out ligands that are IPSPs
How does the number of neurotransmitters/ligands on a post synaptic cell relate to the amplitude of voltage change?
Depends on if the NTs/ligands stimulate an IPSP or an EPSP.
Depends if the axon is myelinated or not.
Depends on if the ligands summate at the same receptor to produce an even greater response.
Depends if the soma of the dendrite is larger than normal
Why will all action potentials have the same amplitude regardless of stimulus strength?
This is because the frequency is proportionate to the amplitude and the frequency is always the same.
Once threshold is reached, the amplitude summates to the highest voltage through spatial summation
Once threshold is reached, membrane events are no longer dependent on the strength of the stimulus
What is the difference between a normal sized nerve and a wide nerve?
a wider nerve will have a faster conduction velocity compared to the normal sized nerve.
There is no difference because velocity is the same for both.
The thinner nerve has as faster frequency than a wider nerve because their relative refractory periods are shorter than wider ones.
The wider nerve will be much slower than the thinner nerve.
Why are refractory periods important?
They are the period in which the action potential depolarizes greatly
They determine when an axon will be myelinated.
They ensure discrete action potentials and one way propagation
They ensure one way propagation towards the axon hillock
An EPSP was received now the membrane has a voltage of -55mv on the dendrite. as the graded potential transverses the membrane towards the axon hillock, the voltage constantly INCREASES. Why?
Decremental spread
Temporal summation
Spatial summation
Landre Hure summation
What is the difference between a graded potential, synaptic potential and pacemaker potential?
There is no difference as they are all different ways to say the same thing.
A graded potential tells us the voltage on the soma/dendrite, a synaptic potential is on the axon and a pacemaker potential is on the pericardium.
A graded potential and synaptic potential are the same thing, but a pacemaker potential refers to an action potential.
They are all the same way to refer to an action potential
What dictates the strength of an action potential?
frequency of a graded potential
Frequency of an action potential
The amplitude of the action potential
The velocity of the action potential
An axon terminal of a nerve is immediately next to the dendrite of its neighboring nerve. What do you call this nerve?
Axodendritic nerve
Axoaxonic nerve
dendroaxonic nerve
exodendritic nerve
