benefits the human and the microorganism

benefits only the microorganisms no harm to the human

benefits the microorganism; harms the human

a situation in which benign microorganisms become pathogenic because of decreased human host resistance

Period from initial exposure to the onset of the first symptoms; could last from hours to years.

The occurrence of initial symptoms are often very mild with feelings of discomfort and tiredness.

farther and affects other body tissues: SYMPTOMS

Recovery occurs and symptoms decline, or the disease is fatal, or has a period of latency.

Gram ________ bacteria have lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane that is known as _________. ***

agents that can produce fever (exogenous or endogenous)

Gram stain detects peptidoglycan --> gram ____ picks up stain ***

proteins released during bacterial growth

Released during lysis of bacteria

fever-producing: YES

toxicity (ability to cause disease): HIGH

Involves small mutations in the genes for HA or NA

mutation results in new strain (big change)

infects multiple species

only infects humans

binds host cell

essential for release of new virions

Gram stain detects peptidoglycan --> gram _____ does not pick up stain ***

are heavy; can land in mouth, nose or eyes of people nearby. Produced by coughing, sneezing or talking

made of micro-droplets that are lighter and stay suspended in the air for longer than droplets. Produced during normal breathing.

transfer microorganisms passively from a contaminated site to an individual

transmit microbes through bites or stings

Vectors are

from mother to offspring

Listeria, CMV, Toxoplasma

group B strep, HIV, Candida

Staph aureus

Diseases with relatively high, but constant, rates of infection in a particular population

Number of new infections in a particular population that greatly exceeds the number usually observed

An epidemic that spreads over a large area such as a continent or worldwide

Ability to spread from one individual to others and cause disease

Agent that carries infectious microorganisms from an infected organism to uninfected ones

Capacity of an organism to cause severe disease

Normally not causing disease, but able to do so when an individual's immune system is suppressed

Bacteria that grow in complex multicellular masses called ______ have some protection from host immune responses and antibiotics

Bacteria that produce endotoxins are called _______ bacteria because they cause fever.

Occurs with hepatitis B and hepatitis C with a predisposition to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

-Is a complication of hepatitis B (with or without hepatitis D infection) or hepatitis C.

-Causes widespread hepatic necrosis.

-Is often fatal.

-Manifests as confusion, stupor, and coma.

-Liver failure and death can occur

indicates there is an ongoing infection, acute or chronic

Indicates recovery and immunity from hepatitis B virus by natural infection or has been successfully vaccinated against hepatitis B

the person was infected with the virus and the virus particle was open to the immune system

*immunized individuals do not get exposure to

*not measurable after vaccination

-Appears at onset of symptoms in acute hepatitis B and persists for life.

-Indicates previous or ongoing infection in an undefined time frame.

-Indicates recent infection, 6 months or less

-Acute infection

viral surface antigen

antibody to the surface antigens

viral core protein

Antibody to the viral core proteins

Fulminant hepatitis is most common in ***

Lesions can occur from scarring from cirrhosis common in

Hepatitis causing the most severe damage to hepatocytes

Begins approximately 2 weeks after exposure; ends with the appearance of jaundice.

Is highly transmissible at this phase

Clinical manifestations: Fever, malaise, anorexia, and liver enlargement and tenderness; RUQ pain

Is the actual phase of illness.

Clinical manifestations: Jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia (itching); fatigue and abdominal pain, liver is enlarged smooth and tender.

Prevented through vaccination

-Is responsible for most cases of posttransfusion hepatitis.

-Is also implicated in infections related to IV drug use and human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) infection.

-Is transmitted through contact with infected blood, body fluids, and contaminated needles.

-Maternal transmission occurs if the mother is infected during the third trimester.

filamentous fungi grow as multinucleate, branching hyphae, forming a mycelium

grows as ovoid or spherical; single cells multiply by budding and division

Human-to-human-only with

strategy of fungi: they have ________ to adhere to receptors (typically toll-like receptors) ***

most common fungal infection

Capsule-resistance to phagocytosis

Candida albicans: infection remains localized

Candida albicans: infection can become systemic

Transmitted by the tsetse fly

Transmitted by sand fleas

failure of at least two organs caused by a systemic inflammatory response after a severe illness or injury

a systemic response to inflammation, defined clinically by specific changes from baseline temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, or WBC parameters

found in contaminated water or food and transmission is by ingestion

change their variable surface glycoproteins (VSG)

Survive intracellularly

Switching Variant Surface Glycoprotein Gene Expression in Trypanosomes

In Sepsis, Microbes Enter the Bloodstream Directly and/or Indirectly: microbes enter the bloodstream from a site of localized infection

In Sepsis, Microbes Enter the Bloodstream Directly and/or Indirectly: microbes release toxic substances directly into the bloodstream

Enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription; used by retroviruses to replicate their genomes

Enzyme that integrates (forms covalent links between) its DNA into the host DNA

envelope proteins

the spike

converts single-stranded viral RNA into double-stranded DNA

inserts viral DNA into the infected cell's DNA, where it may remain dormant

encodes a protein that is modified by viral protease to generate smaller matrix (e.g., p17) and capsid proteins (e.g., p24)

encodes a glycoprotein that is processed by cellular protease (furin) into the TM and SU proteins

replication and release of new virions triggers apoptotic cell death of the infected cell; infected cells also become a target for killing by CD8+ T-cytotoxic cell

release of death ligands (e.g., Fas ligand [FasL], TNF) initiates apoptosis in neighboring uninfected Th cells

Viral replication and T-cell destruction continue in the lymph nodes, although the individual is generally asymptomatic.

As the disease progresses, the person may develop constitutional symptoms—a variety of symptoms of acute viral infection that do not involve opportunistic infections or malignancies.

When the number of CD4+ cells is critically suppressed, the person becomes susceptible to a variety of opportunistic infections and cancers.

Antibodies against HIV-1 are not yet detectable (window period)

Viral products, including p24 antigen, viral RNA, and infectious virus, may be detectable in the blood a few weeks after infection

Most antibodies produced against envelope proteins in the early phase are absorbed onto viral particles in the blood and are not detectable by most routine assays.

Antibody levels against p24 and other viral proteins, as well as HIV-specific CTLs, generally increase and then remain constant until the development of AIDS.

As the immune system becomes severely depressed and excess viral antigen is released into the blood, measurable antibody levels decrease.

Inhibitors of the enzyme reverse transcriptase

Inhibitors of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Inhibitors of the viral protease

prevent attachment of the virus to the target cell or prevent fusion between HIV and the cell membrane

Inhibitors of the viral integrase enzyme

-Administered with some PIs and INSTIs

-Affect intestinal transport proteins and liver enzyme that would normally break down some antiretroviral drugs, thus allowing smaller doses to be used

Which of the following is indicative of autoimmune hepatitis? [Riggs prac quiz]

HBsAg is a measure of: [Riggs prac quiz]

A 45-year-old woman was diagnosed 6 months ago with acute hepatitis B infection. She is unaware of how she contracted the virus. She takes no medications and since the diagnosis, she has started taking a multivitamin and has started exercising. She now has the following serologies: HBsAg negative; anti-HBsAg positive; HBeAg negative; anti-HBcAg positive. Which of the following is the correct diagnosis? [Riggs' prac quiz]

low systemic vascular resistance, normal or elevated cardiac output, body temperature instability, elevated blood cytokine levels, possible manifestations of infection and of organ dysfunction

presence of viable bacteria in the blood

life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection

sepsis that is complicated by persistent hypotension refractory to fluid therapy