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WorksheetsPharmaceutics exam 2
Total questions: 102
Worksheet time: 58mins
Human plasma contains about 5mEq/liter of Ca2+ ions. How many milligrams of CaCl2.2H2O (molecular weight 147g/mole) are required to prepare 250ml of a solution equal in Ca2+ to human plasma?
91.88 g
147 mg
183.75 mg
91.88 mg
10g of sucrose (MW: 342g/mole) is dissolved in 500ml of water at 25C. What is the osmotic pressure of the solution? (R=0.082L atm/mole deg)
0.0697 atm
0.697 atm
0.83 atm
1.43 atm
What is the normality of the 100ml solution containing 585mg of CaCl in water? (Atomic mass of NaCl=58.5)
0.1 N
1 N
10 N
0.01 N
sucrose is a
non-electrolyte
strong acid
electrolyte
weak base
Which of the following statements is correct about osmosis?
the osmotic pressure is proportional to number of ions or molecules of solute dissolved in a solvent
the osmotic pressure is proportional to the molecular or ionic size of the solute dissolved in a solvent
neither
Indicate which of the following statements is correct
When a solution is contained within a semipermeable membrane and separated from the solvent, the solvent will not pass across the membrane into the solution
A solution that has a greater osmotic pressure than plasma is said the be hypotonic
The chemical potential or concentration of a solvent molecule in the solution is greater than that in a pure solvent
When red blood cells are immersed in a hypertonic solution they will shrink
Which of the following statements is correct regarding diarrhea?
The net result of impairment of cryptic and villus cells activity is flow of water from intestinal lumen towards blood
The diarrhea causing microorganisms impoair either the cryptic or villus cells activity or activity of both which results into more production of Cl- ions or less absorption of nutrients and Na+ ions
There is no co-transport system for other substances except glucose and sodium ions in intestine
There is a co-transport system unaffected by diarrhea causing microorganism, which transports Na+ ions to blood regardless of the presence of glucose
Osmolarity is expressed as osmol/L of aqueous solution
true
false
1g of a drug is soluble in 35ml of water. Which one of the following correctly define it solubility as per USP definition
Very slightly soluble
Freely soluble
Sparingly soluble
Very soluble
A solution isosmotic with blood would be definitely isotonic too
true
false
Osmolarity is expressed as osmol/kg of water
true
false
Osmolality is expressed as osmol/kg of water
true
false
Molarity of a solution does not depend on temperature of the solution
true
false
Which of the following statements is correct regarding diarrhea?
Water from blood flows into intestinal lumen due to secretion of Cl- ions into the intestinal lumen by cryptic cells
The diarrhea causing microorganisms impair either the cryptic or villus cells activity but never activity of both which results into more production of Cl- ions or less absorption of nutrients and Na+ ions
The net result of impairment of cryptic and villus cells activity is flow of water from intestinal lumen towards blood
The intestinal villi cells absorb nutrients and Na+ ions from food and pump these ultimately into the circulatory system which creates the flow of water from the blood to intestine
When chloroform and acetone were mixed together, their total vapor pressure is less than that calculated by using Raoul’t law. Which one of the following is the correct explanation for it.
this is an example of positive deviation from Raoult’s law
this is an example of negative deviation from Raoult’s law
the adhesive forces between chloroform and acetone is greater than cohesive forces among chloroform or acetone molecules
the adhesive forces between chloroform and acetone is less than cohesive forces among chloroform or acetone molecules
Van’t Hoff equation for osmotic pressure (pi) is given by where n = # of moles, R = gas constant, V = volume and T = temperature
Vn(pi)=RT
(pi)V=nRT
(pi)n=RT
RT=nV(pi)
The colligative properties depend upon
The number and kind of atoms in the molecules
The number of molecules/ions
The total quantity of the substance
Mole-fraction
Non-electrolytes conduct electricity
true
false
The number of moles of a solute per kilograms of the solvent is termed as
Equivalent weight
molality
normality
molarity
When one mole of a solute is dissolved in one liter of solution, the concentration of the solute is termed as
1 molar
1 normal
1 mole
1 molal
Calculate the energy of a radiation of wavelength 4000 angstroms. (planks constant = 6.624x10-27 erg sec, velocity of light = 3x10^10, and 1 angstrom =10^-8cm)
19.875x10-10 ergs
5.0x10-9 calories
5.0x10-9 joules
5.0x10-12 ergs
Splitting of a NMR peak occurs due to
effect of neighboring electrons
effect of neighboring protons
The shifting of peak of maximum absorption towards longer wavelength in a spectrum is called
Bathochromic or blue shift
Hypsochromic or red shift
Bathochromic or red shift
Hypsochromic or blue shift
The shielding of protons in tetramethylsilane is less than in most of the compounds because it possesses a very low electronegativity
true
false
Below are some potential applications of UV0-visible spectroscopy
the concentration of a protein solution can be calculated if its amino acid sequence and molecular weight in know
the presence of RNA as impurity in a DNA sample can be determined by the ration of its absorbances at 260nm and 280nm
the extent of ionization of an acid can be easily determined
Drugs exhibiting polymorphism or pseudopolymorphism can be differentiated by using IR spectrophotometer
true
false
The beer-lambert law is the basis for deriving quantitative information from an absorption spectrum. Which one of the following is the correct description of the constant in the mathematical equation representing the beer-lambert law?
the constant, k, is call molar absorption coefficient if unit of concentration (c) is mole/liter
the constant, k, is called specific absorption coefficient if unit of concentration (c) is gram/liter
the constant, k, is called specific absorption coefficient if unity of cuvette-length (l) is cm
the constant, k, is called molar absorption coefficient if unit of cuvette-length (l) is cm
Although NMR spectroscopy has intrinsically low sensitivity, it has baby advantages shown below. Following are some of the potential applications on NMR spectroscopy
the detection of decrease in phosphocholine level tumor cells
the detection of decrease in urate oxidase level may indicate efficacy of antmicrobial agents against aspergillus nidulants
the detection of decrease in urine hippurate and/or increase in plasma alanine level may indicate an increase in hepatic insulin sensitivity.
The peak at hughes m/z ratio in a mass spectrum of a drug is indicative of
The base ion of the drug
The equivalent weight of the drug
Molecular weight of the drug
the valence of the drug
There are two commonly used scales for measuring chemical shift in an NMR spectroscopy called Delta and Tau scales which are related by
Delta = 10 - Tau
Tau = 10- Delta
Following are some of the potential application of mass spectroscopy
mass spectra are useful in proving the identity of a compound and establishing its structure
mass spectra are useful in proving the identity of a compound but not in establishing its structure
mass spectra provides an exact molecular weight and molecular formula of a substance
mass spectrum provides an exact molecular weight on a substance but not its molecular formula
UV absorption spectroscopy can be used for detecting impurity in a substance which one of the following is correct about the presence of benzene and impurity in cyclohexane
Benzene can be texted in cyclohexane because it absorbs at 655nm while cyclohexane absorbs and 600nm
Benzene can be detected in cyclohexane because it absorbs at 255nm while cyclohexane absorbs at 200nm
Benzene can be detected in cyclohexane because it absorbs at 600nm while cyclohexane absorbs at 655nm
Benzene can be detected in cyclohexane because it absorbs at 200nm while cyclohexane absorbs at 255nm
The methyl group in both CH3-CH2-Cl and CH3-CH2-Cl-CH3 will appear at the same location in a typical NMR spectrum
yes
no
Drug-excipient interaction can be characterized by IR spectroscopy by
appearance of a new peak
disappearance of a peak
shifting of a characteristic peak
broadening of a peak
alteration in intensity of a particular peak
Chromophores and auxochromes can be differentiated on the basis of the following statement
Chromophores are a group of atoms which absorb efficiently radiation of a characteristic wavelength where auxochromes do not have their own characteristic absorption peak but maximizes the absorption capacity of the chromophore they are attached to
Both chromophores and auxochromes hace characteristic absorption peaks which intensity is increased many folds if they are combined together
Chromophores and auxochromes counteract therefore the absorption peak intensity of a combination product of them is less than their individual peak intensity
Auxochromes are a group of atoms which absorb efficiently radiation of a characteristic wavelength where chromophores do not have their own characteristic absorption peak but maximizes the absorption capacity of the auxochromes they are attached to
Fluorescence spectroscopy could be many fold more sensitive than uv-visible spectroscopy
true
false
A typical IR spectrum can be broadly divided into two parts
vavenumber range of 1450-600cm-1 is called finger print region because this unique for a specific substance
wavenumber range 4000-1450cm-1 is called group frequency region because this is unique for a specific functional group present in a substance
wavenumber range of 4000-1450cm-1 is called finger print region because this unique for a specific substance
wavenumber rance 1400-600cm-1 is called group frequency region because this is unique for a specific functional group present in a substance
Although NMR spectroscopy has intrinsically low sensitivity, it has many advantages as shown below
it in a non-destructive technique
many samples present in a solution (e.g. solution of drug metabolites) can be simultaneously detected
minimal or no sample preparation is needed
Following are some statement about nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
different protons exist in different environments and thereby possess different magnetic field strength
different protons in a molecule, although, exist in a different environments but possess same magnetic field strength.
neither
Benzene is a colorless organic solvent but nitro benzene is a pale yellow liquid while p-hydroxynitrobenzene is a deep intense yellow liquid. This shift in appearances of color for these three substances can be explained on the basis of the concept of chromophore and auxochromes. Please select correct example of chromophore and auxochromes in the example of nitrobenzene and p-hydroxynitrobenzene from the options below:
Benzene and hydroxyl group is an example of chromophore while nitro is of auxochrome
Hydroxyl is an example of chromophore while benzene and nitro group is of auxochrome
Hydroxyl group is an example of chromophore while nitro group is of auxochrome
Nitro group is an example of chromophore while hydroxyl group is of auxochrome
Following are some statements about phosphorescence
Phosphorescence is the energy released when triplet excited electrons return to the ground state
Phosphorescence is the energy released when single excited electrons return to the ground state
Phosphorescence is a faster process and has shorter lifetime than those of fluorescence
Phosphorescence is a slower process and has longer lifetime than those of fluorescence
The tallest signal in a mass spectrum of substance is called the base peak
true
false
Mole fraction of KCl in a solution containing 10 g of it (i.e. KCl) (atomic mass of KCl = 74.5) in 100 g of water is
0.22
2.22g
0.023
0.22g
One mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number of molecules, which is equal to
6023 x 10 ^23
6.023 x 10 ^23
0.6023 x 10 ^-23
6.023 x 10 ^-23
The number of moles of a solute/total number of moles present is termed as
Normality
Molality
Equivalent weight
Mole fraction
One hundred mL water was add to a 200 mL solution. When the total volume of the solution was measured, it was found only 298 mL (instead of expected volume of 300 mL) even if there is no loss of material during mixing. Is this solution an ideal solution?
Yes, this is an ideal solution
No, this is not an ideal solution
Solute was added to a solvent and mixed well. Some of the solute settled to the bottom of the container. Which statements best explains why all of the solute did not dissolve?
the solvent used was water
the solution was unsaturated
the solution had become saturated
the solute wasn't soluble in the solvent
Indicate which of the following statements is CORRECT
When red blood cells are immersed in a hypotonic solution they will shrink
A solution that has a greater osmotic pressure than plasma is said to be hypertonic
When a solution is contained within a semipermeable membrane and separated from the solvent, the solvent will not pass across the membrane into the solution
The chemical potential or concentration of solvent molecule in the solution is greater than that in pure solvent
Indicate which of the following statements is CORRECT
When red blood cells are immersed in a hypotonic solution they will shrink
A solution that has a greater osmotic pressure than plasma is said to be hypotonic
When a solution is contained within a semipermeable membrane and separated from the solvent, the solvent will pass across the membrane into the solution
The chemical potential or concentration of solvent molecule in the solution is greater than that in pure solvent
Indicate which of the following statements is CORRECT
When red blood cells are immersed in a hypotonic solution they will shrink
A solution that has a greater osmotic pressure than plasma is said to be hypotonic
When a solution is contained within a semipermeable membrane and separated from the solvent, the solvent will not pass across the membrane into the solution
The chemical potential or concentration of solvent molecule in the solution is lower than that in pure solvent
A weak basic drug has a pKa 4.8. In urine, with a pH of 5.8, how much % of this medication would exist in its original form?
1%
0.99%
99.01%
90.91%
What is the pH of a buffer containing 0.1-M acetic acid (pKa 4.8) and 0.08 M sodium acetate?
2.9
3.9
4.7
2.4
What percentage of an acidic drug indomethacine (pKa 4.5) exist in the original un-ionized form in an intestinal tract buffered at pH 8.0?
0.03%
1.01%
99.97%
99.12%
The greater the pKa value for an acid, the greater hydronium ion concentration it would produce on being added to water
true
false
Generally absorption or transport of a drug in ionized form through gastrointestinal (GIT) membrane would be more than its unionized form.
true
false
Equilibrium is involved in the following processes playing an important role in pharmaceutics.
ionization of weak acidic or basic drugs
Partition coefficient and lipid solubility of a drug
saturation solubility iv diffusion and dissolution of drug
Which one of the following properties does not affect absorption of a drug from gastric lumen
pka value
optical rotation
dissociation constant
lipid solubility
pH of the gastric/intestinal fluid
The brush border coats the entire length of stomach as well as small and large intestine which is constituted of
villi
microvilli
none
how are lipids arranged on both side of a biomembrane?
Perpendicularly
Horizontally
Diagonally
The pH range of duodenum is:
7-8
1-3.5
5-7
8-10
Which one of the following is not correct according to pH-Partition Hypothesis on Drug Absorption?
most drugs are absorbed by passive diffusion
weak basic and neutral drugs may be absorbed from the stomach but acidic drugs are not.
weak acidic and neutral drugs may be absorbed from the stomach but basic drugs are not.
the un-ionized form of the acidic or basic drug is preferentially absorbed.
the rate of the drug absorption and amount of drug absorbed are related to its oil-water partition coefficient
What is the stomach’s pH range?
7-8
5-7
8-10
1-3.5
For compounds containing both acidic and basic functional groups, the formation of zwitterions may lead to the lowest solubility at a pH called:
ebullioscopic constant
cloud point
isoelectric point
cryoscopic point
Below are some statements about the relationship between pKa of a weak basic drug and pH of gastrointestinal tract
Most weak bases are poorly absorbed in the stomach, because they are present largely in the ionized form at pH 1-2
Weakly basic drugs with a pKa of less than four, such as dapsone, diazepam, and chlordiazepoxide, are essentially un-ionized throughout the gastrointestinal tract
Most weak bases are poorly absorbed in the stomach, because they are present largely in the un-ionized form at pH 1-2
Digestion and absorption of foodstuff occur simultaneously in the small intestine
true
false
Below are some statements about the concept of equilibrium in pharmaceutics
A condition at which all acting influences are canceled by others, resulting in a stable, balanced, or unchanged system.
The state of a chemical reaction in which its forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates so that the concentration of the reactants and products remain unchanged with time
A condition at which no change in concentrations of either reactant or product is observed because they stop reading with each other
The state of a reversible chemical reaction in which the forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates so that there are no further changes in the concentrations of the reactants and products.
Which of the following is NOT a component of biological membrane?
Cholesterol
Oligonucleotides
Phospholipids
fatty acids (lipids)
Proteins
Only absorption of foodstuffs occur in the small intestine
true
false
When a drug is administered orally in a dosage from such as a tablet, capsule, or suspension, the rate of absorption across the biological membrane frequently is controlled by
the fastest step involved in disintegration, dissolution, and absorption
the slowest step involved in disintegration, dissolution, and absorption
Stronger bases, such as guanethidine (pKa > 11) are ionized throughout the gastrointestinal tract and tend to be well-absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
true
false
When atropine was added to a mixture of water (solvent1) and octanol (solvent2) at 25 degrees C, its concentration in octanol (C1) and in water (C2) was 3.96 mg/mL and 2.2mg/mL, respectively. What is the partition coefficient (P) of atropine in this system?
6.16 octanol/water
0.55 octanol/water
8.71 octanol/water
1.8 octanol/water
What is the minimum time required for the IV injection of a 22 mg dose of a poorly water soluble drug to ensure that precipitation does not occur? Given that solubility of the drug in plasma = 0.7 mg/mL and venous flow rate = 50mL/min
50 seconds
35 seconds
38 seconds
60 seconds
What is the pH below which sulfadiazine (pKa = 6.48) will begin to precipitate in an infusion fluid, when the initial molar concentration of sulfadiazine sodium is 4 X 10^-2 mole/L and the solubility of sulfadiazine is 3.07 X 10^-4 mole/L
6.80
4.10
3.07
8.60
Digoxin is a poorly soluble drug. Therefore, its physical forms such as particle size have a significant effect on its therapeutic outcomes.
true
false
Below are some statements about BCS class I drugs
Class I drugs are well absorbed and are affected by a limited set of interactions that alter drug absorption
Interactions that delay gastric emptying will hasten absorption of these drugs
Gastric emptying rate has significant effect on absorption of class I drugs
Gastric emptying rate does not affect absorption of class I drugs
the most commonly used method to measure lipophilicity is by determining partition coefficient using shake-flask method.
true
false
Minocycline and doxycycline have greater log P value than other tetracyclins. Which of the following statements is/are correct about them?
Only minocycline and doxycycline pass through blood brain and blood ocular barriers while other tetracyclines do not.
Minocycline and doxycycline pass through blood brain barrier but not through blood ocular barrier.
Minocycline and doxycycline pass through blood ocular barrier but not through blood brain barrier
Generally greater the value of partition coefficient, the higher the lipid solubility of the solute
true
false
Chemicals with high Ko/w values (e.g., greater than 10^4) are very hydrophobic
true
false
Solubility among isomers increases with
decreasing boiling point and melting point for liquid and solid, respectively
increasing boiling point and melting point for liquid and solid, respectively
none
Below are some statements about BCS class II drugs
Any interactions that increase drug solubility and dissolution rate in the gastrointestinal tract will exert a positive effect on the gastrointestinal absorption of class II drugs
The absorption of this class of drugs is often enhanced in proportion to the fat content of the co-administered meal
The antifungal drug griseofulvin and the cardiac glycoside drug digoxin are typical examples of class II drug
The absorption of this class of drugs is often decreased in proportion to the fat content of the co-administered meal
The concept of partition coefficient applies only to:
concentrated solutions
dilute solutions
polar solvents
non-polar solvents
The statement "in general the higher the temperature, the greater the solubility of a drug" is applicable only for those solids which possess:
negative heat of solution
higher positive heat of solution
heat of solution equal to zero
the temperature can exert greater influence on the solubility of a drug if it is a weak acid or base
true
false
Generally octanol is used as organic phase for determining partition coefficient. However, other alcohol is also used for this purpose which is one of the following:
Ethanol
Propanol
Isobutanol
Methanol
which one of the following is not affected by partition coefficient?
The passage of water through biological membrane
Dissolution, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and protein binding of a drug
the relationship between molecular structure and biological activity of a drug
the solubility and permeability of a drug
Below are some statements about the concept of equilibrium in pharmaceutics
A condition at which all acting influences are canceled by others, resulting in a stable, balanced, or unchanged system.
The state of a chemical reaction in which its forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates so that the concentration of the reactants and products remain unchanged with time
A condition at which no change in concentrations of either reactant or product is observed because they stop reading with each other
The state of a reversible chemical reaction in which the forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates so that there are no further changes in the concentrations of the reactants and products
how does temperature affect solubility?
the solubility increases with higher temperatures for endothermic solids
the solubility increases with higher temperatures for exothermic solids.
a rise in temperature always decreases solubility
temperature does not affect solubility in any consistent way.
Generally branched chain is more soluble than straight chain of an isomer.
true
false
Phenobarbital is a weak acidic drug. What would be its solubility in solvents A (pH 7), B (pH 8), and C (pH 10)?
It would dissolve more in solvent A then B or C
It would not dissolve in solvent A B or C because they have pH in alkaline range
It would dissolve more in solvent B then A or C
It would dissolve more in solvent C than A or B
The greater the acidity constant, Ka, the stronger the acid would be
true
false
The brush border consists of a 3mm thick uniform coating of mucopolysaccharide which is found lining the internal wall of stomach only
true
false
Below are some statements about the polar surface area
the greater the polar surface area of a drug, the greater would be its oral absorption as well as penetration through the brain
the smaller the polar surface area of a drug, the greater would be its oral absorption as well as penetration through brain
The lower the pKa value for an acid, the greater hydronium ion concentration it would produce on being added to water
true
false
Which one statement is correct
Ionized drugs are useful for optimum therapeutic effect
Un-ionized drugs are useful for optimum therapeutic effect
Either ionized or unionized drugs could be useful or optimum therapeutic effect depending on site of pharmacological action
The stomach may be divided into two main parts: the body of the stomach and the pylorus which secret
Pepsin and mucus
HCl and mucus
We have a 1:1 mixture of a polar and non-polar solvent. If we added a non-polar drug to this mixture, where would you find the most drug?
Polar solvent
Non-polar solvent
Surface of the mixture
Interface of the mixture
A concept of the partition coefficient is involved in following areas of pharmaceutical sciences
Preservation of oil-water systems
Drug action in non-specific sites
Absorption and distribution of drugs throughout the body
Knowledge and understanding of the equilibrium solubility of a drug is absolutely essential because it plays a critical role in
the drug discovery process
drug formulation process
selection of a dosage form for a drug
drug dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract
drug absorption
Below are some statements about BCS class III drugs
intestinal membrane absorption is the rate-limiting step in the absorption of class III drugs
class III drugs are better absorbed in the upper part of the small intestine
any meal co-administration with class III drugs decreases the absorption proportionately to fat content of the meal
any meal co-administered with class III drugs decreases their absorption which is not influenced by the fat content of the meal
If the rate of injection of a drug and its solubility are 5 mg/min and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively, what blood or saline flow rate is required to prevent precipitation of the drug?
Less than 8.33
Greater than 8.33
Greater than 1.2
Less than 1.2
The temperature can exert greater influence on the solubility of a drug if it is a weak acid or base
true
false
