Olfactory recepetor cells are

The____ has proteins that detect inhaled chemical

Where are the sites of an olfactory transduction?

The ____ are chemicals that bind to and activate receptors

There are 7 primary odors: musky, floral, peppermint, ethereal, pungent , putrid , camphoraceous

The supporting cells are located in: _____ lining the nose

Supporting cells are used for physical support nourishment and electrical insulation for olfactory receptors

Basal Stem cells undergo _______ to replace olfactory receptors cells

Olfactory (BOWMANS) gland produce mucus that is used to dissolve _______

Supporting cells of nasal epithelium and olfactory gland are innervated by _______ within branches of facial nerve 7 which can be stimulated by certain chemicals

Impulses in these nerves stimulate lacrimal glands in eyes that results in tears and runny nose after inhaling pepper vapors of ammonia

Receptors in nasal mucosa send impulses along _______ through _________ synapse with olfactory bulb that impulses travels along olfactory tract

Interpretation of cerebral cortex (temporal lobe) final occurs in

Membrane potential of unstimulated cell is about -55mv and a ______ action potentials are generated at REST at a SLOW RATE

Upon depolarization causes MORE ______ potentials -30mv and MORE action potentials are generated

NOTE : Stimulus binding of an odorant molecule to an olfactory receptor protein

Odorants binds to ____________ to G proteins

__________ stimulate adenyl Cyclase which convert ATP to CYCLIC AMP (cAMP) an2nd messenger

__________ opens up a ligand gated sodium channels allowing SODIUM INFLUX and cause DEPOLARIZATION graded potential

Action potentials are generated when the threshold is reached

Action potential travels to PRIMARY OLFACTORY AREA, impulse travels to FRONTAL LOBE for

______ has a low threshold and are rapidly adapting

Only few molecules need to be present in air to be perceived as an odor

Olfactory receptors are rapid adapting receptors and the adaptation occurs in _______ besides receptor

Olfactory pathway has 3 cells

The second order cells in olfactory pathways are

________ provide INHIBITORY signals to MITRAL cells and TUFTED cells and can SHARPEN specific odors

EACH glomeruli transmit 1 type of SIGNAL which will be as 1 TYPE of SMELL (1 to 1 rule)

AXONS of LARGE MITRAL CELLS Z goes to medial olfactory area and subserved basic olfactory reflex like: ________ project to thalamus

Lateral olfactory are in the _________ and _________ signals goes to limbic areas

The final perfection occurs in the orbifrontal cortex where analysis of odors occurs

Hyposomia is

Odor blindness is

( Topic: GUSTATION ) Taste is

There are 5 primary tastes ( choose all )

Sour is H+ ions (acid) intensity is proportional to the PH concentration of H+ ions

Sweet is glucose, sucrose, sugars organic chemicals

Bitter contains NITROGEN by ALKALOIDS examples : quinine, COFFEE, NICOTINE, MORPHINE

Bitter has a lowest threshold and is very sensitive

Saccharine is the first sweet bitter and is like the sweet and love candy lol

Salt: Sodium ions and sodium CHLORINE

Umami is meaty, cheesy, savory like the pizza and is -glutamate by amino acids such as MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE *mSG is the stimulus

______ Contains taste cells receptors for sensations taste

Approx. 10,000 Tate buds are found on the tongue on the ________ plate pharynx and ________

Taste buds contains 3 types of epithelial cells ( choose all)

Taste pore contains _______ provide the receptors surface for taste detect dissolved chemical

Taste buds are located in elevations on tongue CALLED

There are tree types of papillae

_______ contain receptors but NO TASTE BUDS

The filliform papillea increase ______ to make it easier for tongue to move food within mouth

Any stimulus goes to CNS through olfaction

Taste receptors are replaced every 10 days

Each taste buds contains

Each taste bud respond to only 1 type out of 5 types of stimuli

Taste receptors are

Taste receptors cells synapse with dendrites of istoderneuron

Tastants STIMULATES gustatory receptors and needs to dissolve in saliva

TASTANTS contracts the plasma membrane of gustatory microvilli sites of :

The overall result in cell is a ______ depolarization receptor potential that stimulates EXOCYTOSIS of synaptic vesicles from GUSTATORY RECEPTOR CELLS

The NEUROTRANSMITTER molecules triggers ______ produce nerve impulses in FIRST ORDER NEURONs that SYNAPSE with gustatory receptor cells

Action potentials propagates in

Taste receptor are

_____ stimulates 1 to 5 tastes

_________ stimulates more than one receptor

Salty and sour work but OPENING ION CHANNELS

The others works by activating G protein

_______ cause Na ions INFLUX through NA channels depolarize membrane

_________ cause H+ flow into gustatory receptors via H+ channels the result is also depolarization and EXOCYTOSIS of nts

_______ Do not enter the receptors they bind G proteins coupled receptors and catalyzed information of INOSITOL trysphosphate (IP3) from PHOSPHOTIDYL inositol.

IP3 causes calcium release from intracellular stores followed by depolarization and NT release. This creates :

Different taste arise from different combinations of gustatory receptor cells and the resultant pattern is interpreted as

3 cranial nerves are involved in sense of taste

This neurons terminate in ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus

The third neurons ascend to the lower tip of ______ in parietal cortex and deep in the Insular area

________ stimulates salivation

Taste ______ develop negative preference