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Path - Endocrine - Lecture 1

Total questions: 97

Worksheet time: 53mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

A deficiency of which chemical may result in hypothyroidism? [Riggs quiz]

a)

Iodine

b)

Zinc

c)

Calcium

d)

Iron

2.

Select the true statement related to the body's response to calcium levels of more than 10.5 mg/dL. [Riggs quiz]

a)

Calcitonin is secreted, which raises the circulating calcium level by potentiating the effect of PTH on the bone.

b)

PTH is secreted, which lowers the circulating calcium by antagonizing the effect of calcitonin on the bone.

c)

Calcitonin is secreted, which lowers the circulating calcium level by antagonizing the effect of PTH on the bone.

d)

None of the answers are correct

3.

Suppressed secretion of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), T3 and T4 suggests dysfunction at which level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis? [Riggs quiz]

a)

level of the hypothalamus

b)

level of the pituitary

c)

level of the thyroid

d)

none of the above

4.

Which form of thyroid hormone represents the main form produced that must be converted to another form by the liver and peripheral tissues? [Riggs quiz]

a)

T3

b)

T4

5.

Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia are characteristic findings in which of the following? [Riggs quiz]

a)

Primary Hypothyroidism

b)

Primary Hyperthyroidism

c)

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

d)

Primary Hypoparathyroidism

6.

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 as well as calcitonin are produced in which gland? [Riggs quiz]

a)

pituitary

b)

thyroid

c)

parathyroid

d)

adrenal

7.

Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels) stimulates the activity of which hormone? [Riggs quiz]

a)

parathyroid hormone

b)

calcitonin

c)

thyroid

d)

growth hormone

8.

Which step is stimulated by thyroid stimulating hormone? [Riggs quiz]

a)

thyroid hormone secretion

b)

thyroid hormone synthesis

c)

thyroid hormone degradation

d)

thyroid hormone storage

9.

Graves' disease develops from a(n) [Riggs quiz]

a)

Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin that causes overproduction of thyroid hormones

b)

Viral infection of the thyroid gland that causes overproduction of thyroid hormone

c)

Autoimmune process during which lymphocytes and fibrous tissue replace thyroid tissue

d)

Ingestion of goitrogens that inhibits the synthesis of the thyroid hormones, causing a goiter

10.

Elevated T3, T4, and TSH is suggestive of: [Riggs quiz]

a)

Hashimoto Disease

b)

Destruction of thyroid glands following surgery

c)

TSH secreting pituitary adenoma

d)

Grave's Disease

11.

Hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium) stimulate the secretion of: [Riggs quiz]

a)

calcitriol

b)

cortisol

c)

parathyroid hormone

d)

calcitonin

12.

Grave's Disease is associated with: [Riggs quiz]

a)

Exophthalmos

b)

Myxedema

13.

secrete T3 and T4

a)

follicular cells (epithelial)

b)

parafollicular cells (C cells)

c)

colloid

14.

are neuroendocrine cells that secrete calcitonin

a)

follicular cells (epithelial)

b)

parafollicular cells (C cells)

c)

colloid

15.

serves as a reservoir of materials for hormone production (thyroglobulin)

a)

follicular cells (epithelial)

b)

parafollicular cells (C cells)

c)

colloid

16.

Regulates metabolic rate of all cells ***

a)

Thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3)

b)

Calcitonin

17.

Lowers serum calcium, lowers serum phosphate levels, decrease calcium and phosphorus absorption

a)

Thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3)

b)

Calcitonin

18.

is formed from coupling of monoiodotyrosine (one iodine atom and tyrosine) and diiodotyrosine (two iodine atoms and tyrosine).

a)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

b)

Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

19.

commonly known as thyroxine, is formed from coupling of two diiodotyrosine

a)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

b)

Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

20.

the active form that can be used by cells

a)

T3

b)

T4

21.

PTH functions ***

a)

Regulates serum calcium

b)

Serves as a cofactor with vit D to increase calcium absorption

c)

Increases levels of serum calcium

d)

Decreases levels of serum phosphat

e)

Antagonist to calcitonin

22.

PTH functions ***

a)

Increases levels of serum calcium

b)

Decreases levels of serum calcium

c)

Increases levels of serum phosphate

d)

Decreases levels of serum phosphate

e)

Antagonist to calcitonin

23.

PTH acts directly on

a)

bone

b)

kidneys

c)

liver

d)

muslce

24.

PTH in the kidneys:

a)

PTH stimulates distal tubules of the nephron to increase reabsorption of calcium

b)

PTH stimulates production of active form of vitamin D

c)

Increases absorption of calcium in GI tract

d)

PTH inhibits production of active form of vitamin D

e)

Decreases absorption of calcium in GI tract

25.

PTH in bone

a)

stimulates bone breakdown and resorption of calcium

b)

inhibits bone breakdown and resorption of calcium

c)

tells osteoblasts to mature osteoclasts to reabsorb bone

d)

tells osteoclasts to mature osteoblasts to reabsorb bone

26.

Calcitonin

a)

secreted by thyroid

b)

lowers plasma calcium

c)

secreted by the parathyroid glands

d)

increases plasma calcium

27.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

a)

secreted by thyroid

b)

lowers plasma calcium

c)

secreted by the parathyroid glands

d)

increases plasma calcium

28.

Calcitriol (1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3)

a)

secreted by thyroid

b)

lowers plasma calcium

c)

secreted by the parathyroid glands

d)

increases plasma calcium

29.

TRH is secreted from the

a)

anterior pituitary

b)

thyroid

c)

parathyroid

d)

hypothalamus

30.

TSH is secreted from the

a)

anterior pituitary

b)

thyroid

c)

parathyroid

d)

hypothalamus

31.

inhibits the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary and of TRH from the hypothalamus

a)

T3

b)

T4

32.

Calcium is either deposited into or liberated from the

a)

bone

b)

intestine

c)

kidneys

33.

Calcium absorption from dietary intake is regulated in the

a)

bone

b)

intestine

c)

kidneys

34.

Calcium reabsorption/excretion is regulated by the

a)

bone

b)

intestine

c)

kidneys

35.

Hypercalcemia

a)

stimulates calcitonin secretion

b)

stimulates PTH

36.

Hypocalcemia

a)

stimulates calcitonin secretion

b)

stimulates PTH

37.

activate bones resorption

a)

PTH

b)

Calcitonin

c)

Calcitriol

38.

inhibits activity of bone resorbing cells (osteoclasts)

a)

PTH

b)

Calcitonin

c)

Calcitriol

39.

facilitates calcium absorption, resorption and reabsorption

a)

PTH

b)

Calcitonin

c)

Calcitriol

40.

Primary thyroid disease:

a)

dysfunction or disease of the thyroid gland

b)

alters TH production

c)

conditions that cause alteration in pituitary or hypothalamic functioning

d)

alters TSH or TRH production

e)

presents with minimal symptoms but abnormal laboratory values

41.

Secondary thyroid disease:

a)

dysfunction or disease of the thyroid gland

b)

alters TH production

c)

conditions that cause alteration in pituitary or hypothalamic functioning

d)

alters TSH or TRH production

e)

presents with minimal symptoms but abnormal laboratory values

42.

Subclinical thyroid disease

a)

dysfunction or disease of the thyroid gland

b)

alters TH production

c)

conditions that cause alteration in pituitary or hypothalamic functioning

d)

alters TSH or TRH production

e)

presents with minimal symptoms but abnormal laboratory values

43.

Autoantibodies to the TSH receptor on thyroid cells stimulates synthesis of thyroid hormones

a)

Graves Disease

b)

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

c)

Thyrotoxic Crisis (Thyroid Storm)

44.

Excess production of thyroid hormones from functionally autonomous thyroid nodules, which do not require stimulation from TSH.

a)

Graves Disease

b)

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

c)

Thyrotoxic Crisis (Thyroid Storm)

45.

Rare but life threatening within 48 hours if not treated. Results from worsening thyrotoxic state.

a)

Graves Disease

b)

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

c)

Thyrotoxic Crisis (Thyroid Storm)

46.

Exophthalmos and pretibial myxedema do not occur.

a)

Graves Disease

b)

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

47.

Brought about in people with underlying hyperthyroid conditions by trauma, surgery, stress, stroke, DKA, congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism

a)

Graves Disease

b)

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

c)

Thyrotoxic Crisis (Thyroid Storm)

48.

Laboratory Tests: Elevated thyroxine (T4), Elevated triiodothyronine (T3), Decreased serum TSH

a)

Hashimoto Disease

b)

Grave's Disease

c)

TSH secreting pituitary adenoma

49.

Hyperthyroidism

a)

Thin hair

b)

Hair loss

c)

Tachycardia

d)

Bradycardia

50.

Hypothyroidism

a)

Thin hair

b)

Hair loss

c)

Tachycardia

d)

Bradycardia

51.

Hyperthyroidism

a)

Diarrhea

b)

Constipation

c)

Weight loss

d)

Edema of the extremities

e)

Warm skin, sweaty palms

52.

Hypothyroidism

a)

Diarrhea

b)

Constipation

c)

Weight loss

d)

Edema of the extremities

e)

Cold intolerance

53.

Primary hyperthyroidism

a)

Graves Disease

b)

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

c)

Thyrotoxic Crisis (Thyroid Storm)

54.

Secondary hyperthyroidism

a)

Graves Disease

b)

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

c)

Thyrotoxic Crisis (Thyroid Storm)

55.

Caused by TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas

a)

Primary Hyperthyroidism

b)

Secondary Hyperthyroidism

56.

Defined as an elevation of TSH with normal levels of circulating TH

a)

Subclinical hypothyroidism

b)

Grave's Disease

c)

TSH secreting pituitary adenoma

57.

Thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth

-Absent thyroid tissue, defects in TH synthesis

-Mentally retarded at birth if no T4 during fetal life

a)

Congenital Hypothyroidism

b)

Thyroid Carcinoma

c)

Hashimoto Disease

d)

Myxedema coma

58.

Most common endocrine malignancy from ionizing radiation

a)

Congenital Hypothyroidism

b)

Thyroid Carcinoma

c)

Hashimoto Disease

d)

Myxedema coma

59.

-Changes in voice and swallowing and difficulty in breathing, related to a tumor growth impinging the trachea or esophagus

-Some may have normal T3 and T4 levels

a)

Congenital Hypothyroidism

b)

Thyroid Carcinoma

c)

Hashimoto Disease

d)

Myxedema coma

60.

Immune system attacks thyroid resulting in inflammation and underactive thyroid

a)

Congenital Hypothyroidism

b)

Thyroid Carcinoma

c)

Hashimoto Disease

d)

Myxedema coma

61.

Hashimoto Disease path: ______ produce autoantibodies to thyroid cells resulting in cell death --> Autoreactive _____ target thyroid cells for apoptosis

a)

B cells ; T cells

b)

T cells ; B cells

62.

-Excess secretion of PTH from one or more parathyroid glands and hypercalcemia

-High levels of calcium fail to inhibit PTH secretion by the parathyroid gland

a)

Primary hyperparathyroidism

b)

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

c)

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

d)

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

63.

Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia ***

a)

Primary hyperparathyroidism

b)

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

64.

MEN-1 and MEN-2a

a)

Primary hyperparathyroidism

b)

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

65.

Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia ***

a)

Primary hyperparathyroidism

b)

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

66.

-compensatory response to hypocalcemia

-Increase in PTH, secondary to a chronic disease

a)

Primary hyperparathyroidism

b)

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

c)

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

d)

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

67.

Excessive secretion of PTH and hypercalcemia from long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism

a)

Primary hyperparathyroidism

b)

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

c)

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

d)

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

68.

-Benign autosomal dominant condition

-Mimics hyperparathyroidism with failure of calcium sensing by parathyroid gland

a)

Primary hyperparathyroidism

b)

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

c)

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

d)

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

69.

Abnormally low PTH levels

-Depressed serum calcium level

-Increased serum phosphate level

a)

Hyperparathyroidism

b)

Hypoparathyroidism

70.

-Hypocalcemia

-Muscle spasms; hyperreflexia; tonic-clonic convulsions; laryngeal spasms; death from asphyxiation

-Chvostek and Trousseau signs

-Phosphate retention

a)

Hyperparathyroidism

b)

Hypoparathyroidism

71.

General Functions of the Endocrine System

a)

Differentation

b)

Stimulation

c)

Coordination

d)

Maintenance

e)

Initiation

72.

Hormones Share General Characteristics

a)

Specific rates and rhythms of secretion

b)

Operate within feedback systems

c)

Affect only cells with appropriate receptors

d)

Affect any cells

e)

Are inactivated by the liver or directly excreted by the kidneys

73.

Cortisol works by

a)

Circadian or diurnal patterns

b)

Pulsatile and cyclic patterns

c)

Patterns that depend on circulating substrates

74.

Cortisol peaks

a)

early morning

b)

night

75.

are examples of water soluble hormones

a)

Amines

b)

Steroid Hormones

76.

are examples of lipid soluble hormones

a)

Amines

b)

Steroid Hormones

77.

are excreted directly by the kidneys

a)

Water soluble hormones

b)

Lipid soluble hormones

c)

Peptide hormones

78.

Some______________ are metabolized (conjugated) by the liver which inactivates them and renders the hormone more water soluble for renal excretion

a)

Water soluble hormones

b)

Lipid soluble hormones

c)

Peptide hormones

79.

are broken down by enzymes and eliminated through the feces or urine.

a)

Water soluble hormones

b)

Lipid soluble hormones

c)

Peptide hormones

80.

are bound to carrier proteins while they circulate throughout the body

a)

Lipid soluble hormones

b)

Water soluble hormones

81.

circulate through the body in free, unbound forms

a)

Lipid soluble hormones

b)

Water soluble hormones

82.

Diffuse across the plasma membrane and bind to cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors.

a)

Lipid soluble hormones

b)

Water soluble hormones

83.

bind intracellular receptors

a)

Fat-soluble hormones

b)

Water-soluble hormones

84.

bind membrane receptors

a)

Fat-soluble hormones

b)

Water-soluble hormones

85.

where low concentrations of hormone cause the cell to increase the number of receptors ***

a)

upregulation

b)

downregulation

86.

where a high concentration of hormone decreases the number of target cell receptors ***

a)

upregulation

b)

downregulation

87.

communication occurs within a cell

a)

Autocrine

b)

Paracrine

c)

Endocrine

88.

communication occurs between cells

a)

Autocrine

b)

Paracrine

c)

Endocrine

89.

communication occurs between cells that are located remotely from each other.

a)

Autocrine

b)

Paracrine

c)

Endocrine

90.

Water-soluble hormones interact with the receptor in/on the membrane, which activates a ___________ within the cell to mediate short acting responses.

a)

first messenger

b)

second messenger

91.

in signal transduction, the hormone is the

a)

first messenger

b)

second messenger

92.

in signal transduction, the molecule is the

a)

first messenger

b)

second messenger

93.

Water-Soluble Hormone binding with receptors initiates a cascade of signaling events inside the cell

a)

Signal Transduction

b)

Genomic Response

c)

Rapid Response

94.

Lipid-Soluble Hormones elicit two types of response

a)

Signal Transduction

b)

Genomic Response

c)

Rapid Response

95.

The interaction between the hormone and its receptor generates production of a small molecule within the cell. --> The second messenger conveys the signal from the receptor to the cytoplasm and nucleus of the target cell. --> The result is the desired cellular response.

a)

Signal Transduction

b)

Genomic Response

c)

Rapid Response

96.

1. Hormone diffuses across membrane (s) and binds to an intracellular receptor.

2. Hormone-receptor complex binds DNA sequences to initiate transcription.

3. The mRNA is translated into the desired protein product.

a)

Signal Transduction

b)

Genomic Response

c)

Rapid Response

97.

1. Receptor for lipid-soluble hormone is located within the plasma membrane of the target cell.

2. Lipid-soluble hormone binding of this receptor activates a second messenger, which creates a rapid response.

a)

Signal Transduction

b)

Genomic Response

c)

Rapid Response

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