WorksheetsMedicine in the Industrial Revolution
Total questions: 85
Worksheet time: 1hrs 20mins
Who advocated inoculation after having success with inoculating their children?
Lady Mary Montague
Fanny Burney
Samuel Pepys
John Hunter
In what year did a worldwide vaccination campaign eradicate smallpox?
(a)
Which are true about smallpox?
It killed a third of Europe
Highly contagious disease, often fatal
one of the most feared disease for centuries
Killed 30-60% of those infected: caused 300 million deaths worldwide in the 20 century alone
Usually left terrible scarring on those who survived
What percentage of those infected with smallpox were killed?
(a)
How many deaths did smallpox cause in just the 20th century (1800s)?
(a)
Jenner experimented his vaccination on others (8 year old James Phipps). What does this show?
He's a remarkable individual
The importance of science and technology
The opportunity provided by war
He had strong moral purpose/wants to help others (philanthropist)--gave vaccines for free to the poor
In what year did the government the government make the smallpox vaccine compulsory?
(a)
Why was it such a big deal/step that the government made the smallpox vaccination compulsory in 1852 and what did this show?
(a)
Why was Lady Mary Montague so keen that her children get inoculated?
(a)
How does inoculation work?
A doctor would make small cuts in the patient's skin and smear smallpox pus/scab into the cuts. This triggered a mild smallpox infection. Most patients survived and were immune (antibodies knew how to fight).
Patients were inoculated with a small dose of cowpox (a milder form of smallpox--not fatal), triggering a mild infection. This made them immune to smallpox.
How did Edward Jenner's vaccination work?
A doctor would make small cuts in the patient's skin and smear smallpox pus/scab into the cuts. This triggered a mild smallpox infection. Most patients survived and were immune (antibodies knew how to fight).
Patients were inoculated with a small dose of cowpox (a milder form of smallpox--not fatal), triggering a mild infection. This made them immune to smallpox.
Why did many doctors favor inoculation?
(a)
Why was smallpox inoculation seen as dangerous?
(a)
Why was Jenner's vaccine seen as dangerous?
(a)
Who invented the smallpox vaccination?
(a)
When did Edward Jenner invent the smallpox vaccination?
(a)
Why was the smallpox vaccination so effective?
(a)
Why was the vaccine such a big improvement from inoculation?
(a)
Why was there so much opposition to the smallpox vaccination?
Side effects including death (MAINLY FROM INFECTION)
Doctors wanted to keep making money from inoculation (Jenner vaccinated for free)
It was unnatural to infect humans with animal matter (fantasy propaganda, against God's laws)
Vaccine couldn't be proven to work, people were skeptical (no microscopes strong enough yet--Royal Society rejected originally, 1805 John Birch led scientific attack)
People didn't understand why they needed to be vaccinated and what it did. There was a lack of knowledge.
When was Louis Pasteur (French) alive?
(a)
What was Louis Pasteur most know for/biggest contribution?
(a)
What theory did Louis Pasteur's Germ Theory disprove? (things just appear/naturally generate)
(a)
What profession did Pasteur work in originally?
(stopping wine and beer from spoiling)
(a)
What is Pasteur's method to preserve food from spoiling called?
(still used today)
(a)
What did Robert Koch (German) try to do?
(a)
In what year did Pasteur investigate spoiling food and created the theory that it is caused by micro-organisms?
(a)
When did Pasteur start to experiment to prove the existence of germs in the air (using a swan neck flask)?
(a)
When did Pasteur come up with and prove GERM THOERY?
(germs are responsible for causing disease)--Demonstrated experiments to public in Paris)
(a)
What war in what years encouraged competition between advancement of countries (money into research)?
(war between Germany and France)
(a)
When did Koch build on Pasteur's work and develop a method for identifying individual diseases?
(a)
When did Koch identify the microbe for anthrax?
(a)
When did Pasteur, building on Koch and Jenner, discover the vaccine for chicken cholera?
(a)
When did Pasteur, building on his chicken cholera vaccine, discover the vaccine for anthrax?
(a)
When did Koch identify the germ for Tuberculosis (TB) (one of the world's biggest killers)?
(a)
When did Koch identify the microbe that causes cholera (one of the world's most dangerous diseases)?
(a)
When did Pasteur discover the vaccine for rabies (virus affecting central nervous system, causing disease in brain and death)?
(a)
From what years did the work of Pasteur and Koch encourage "microbe hunters" (scientists who search for more and more specific germs)?
(a)
How did Robert Koch identify specific microbes?
*chemical*
(a)
Why was Germ Theory so important?
(a)
How was disease explained before Germ Theory?
Religion (e.g. Black Death 1348-flagellation, prayer)
Imbalance in the Four Humours
Astrology, witchcraft, and evil/demons
Miasma/bad air
spontaneous generation
What significance factors did Germ Theory affect?
Leads to other discoveries (e.g. Koch's work)
Changes medical thinking (proves spontaneous generation to be wrong)
Affected many people
Long lasting impact
Chance
What main factor did Koch's work affect? Give examples.
War
Leads to other discoveries
Microbe hunters in 1880s
Method for identifying microbes transfers to identify more
Less people got sick as a direct result
Before the Industrial Revolution, what were the barriers to surgery?
Pain (lack of anaesthetic)
Blood loss
INFECTION of the wound (lack of effective antiseptic)
Surgical skill and techniques (training?)
Anatomical knowledge
What methods were used before the 19th century to try to control pain?
Hypnotism
Alcohol
Ether
Anaesthesia
In what field was the drug ether discovered to be useful for pain relief in?
Surgery
Dentistry
Carpentry
Anatomy
What was the chemical that James Simpson found to be an effective anesthetic?
(a)
What was the problem with chloroform?
(a)
What was the name of the doctor who discover chloroform for anesthesia?
(a)
What was the name of the doctor who investigated deaths from chloroform?
(a)
Why did chloroform kill people?
(a)
What did John Snow invent to give the correct and safe dosage of chloroform to each patient?
(a)
What factors are at play with John Snow?
(a)
What was happening to women treated by doctors in Vienna?
(a)
Who investigated the causes and spread of childbed fever?
(a)
What did Ignaz Semmelweis find was the cause of the spread of childbed fever from doctors?
(blood poisoning)
(a)
What chemical did Semmelweis order doctors to wash their hands with?
(like bleach)
(a)
What was the percentage of deaths from childbed fever before and after using chloride of lime in hospitals in Vienna?
(a)
What was the percentage of deaths from childbed fever before and after using chloride of lime in hospitals in Hungary? And how many years did this take?
(a)
Why were Semmelweis's ideas not accepted at the time?
(a)
What key discovery finally explained why Semmelweis was correct?
(At the very end of Semmelweis's life)
(a)
What chemical did Joseph Lister use to clean hands and surgical instruments?
(a)
How had hospitals changed?
(a)
By how much did death rates decrease when Joseph Lister used carbolic acid in his work (sterilizing hands, wounds, equipment)?
*personal death rates
(a)
What did surgeons begin to do after Lister which hugely reduces infection?
Surgeons sterilized/cleaned instruments and washed hands
Wounds were washed out with carbolic acid (diluted) and oil (e.g. linseed)
Move towards aseptic surgery (by 1900)--sterile operating theater (cleaning entire room and supplies, gowns and gloves)
Patients were required to wash their hands before entering and leaving the hospital
When did Alexander Gordon notice death rates from childbed fever were higher in cities than villages and realized fever was spread by dirty hands. His advice was to wash hands in chlorinated water, and was ignored.
(a)
What did Alexander Gordon do? 1795
(a)
When did Charles Chamberland invent a steam sterilizer to sterilize equipment with boiling water at 140 degrees Celsius?
(a)
What did Charles Chamberland do (1881)?
(a)
When did Gustav Neuber create the first sterile operating theater, through scrubbing and sterilizing the theater before staff entered (even air was sterilized)?
(a)
What did Gustav Neuber do (1886)?
(a)
When did William Halsted and Mrs. Halsted (nurse) come up with the idea to use rubber gloves to protect hands?
(her hands were badly irritated from sterilizing chemicals, so she wore rubber gloves--William Halsted asked the Goodyear Rubber Company to make special gloves for her and team)
(a)
What did William Halsted and his wife do?
(a)
What did Paul Ehrlich do?
(a)
After finding a dye that killed bacteria, what did Paul Ehrlich begin a search for?
(a)
What was the first "Magic Bullet"?
(a)
When Paul Ehrlich realized chemical dyes were taken up by some bacteria but not others, what did he conclude?
(a)
When did Paul Ehrlich discover Salvarsan 606 as a cure for syphilis?
(a)
What did Salvarsan 606 show?
(a)
What did Salvarsan 606 begin the concept of?
(a)
What did Ehrlich later contribute to finding an antiserum for what disease?
(a)
What does the number 606 signify in Salvarsan 606?
(a)
Which are evidence to suggest that health and treatment were improving in industrial Britain?
Smallpox vaccination (1796) and compulsory rollout
Manufacturing made pills and gelatin widely available and in correct doses
Treatment for syphilis (Salvarsan 606-Ehrlich)
Many people still relied on family "tried-and-tested" remedies
Many medicines were harmful/poisonous (arsenic, mercury) or addictive (opium and alcohol)
Which are evidence to suggest that health and treatment were improving in industrial Britain?
Gelatin and Aspirin production
Pasteurization (improved food hygiene)
Robert Koch develops and antiserum for diphtheria-Lister used from 1895 in Britain and within 10 years death rates plummeted and halved
High infant mortality rate--in Britain 1899: 142 per thousand (1899-York: 250 per thousand)
Many medicines contained harmful ingredients such as cocaine, opium, and arsenic
Which are evidence of no improvement in health and treatments in industrial Britain?
Gelatin and Aspirin production
Pasteurization (improved food hygiene)
Many "medicines" were harmful/poisonous (arsenic, mercury) or addictive (opium, alcohol)
High infant mortality rate--in Britain 1899: 142 per thousand (1899-York: 250 per thousand)
Many medicines contained harmful ingredients such as cocaine, opium, and arsenic
Which are evidence of no improvement in health and treatments in industrial Britain?
Smallpox vaccination (1796) and compulsory rollout
Doctors were expensive and many people couldn't afford them
Treatment for syphilis (Salvarsan 606-Ehrlich)
Many people still relied on family "tried-and-tested" remedies
Many people lived in bad overcrowded housing and lacked fresh food (spread of disease)
