a term used to describe African Americans who moved to Kansas from the Old South to escape the racism there

the phrase, coined by journalist John O’Sullivan, which came to stand for the idea that White Americans had a calling and a duty to seize and settle the American West with Protestant democratic values

the period between 1848 and 1849 when prospectors found large strikes of gold in California, leading others to rush in and follow suit; this period led to a cycle of boom and bust through the area, as gold was discovered, mined, and stripped

a frontier home constructed of dirt held together by thick-rooted prairie grass that was prevalent in the Midwest, providing an inexpensive, yet damp, house for western settlers

this armed conflict between cowboys moving cattle along the trail and ranchers who wished to keep the best grazing lands for themselves occurred in Clay County, Texas, between 1883 and 1884

an attempt to disarm a group of Lakota people near Wounded Knee, South Dakota, which resulted in members of the Seventh Cavalry of the U.S. Army opening fire and killing over 150 Lakota

the Spanish name for White Caps, the rebel group of Hispanic Americans who fought back against the appropriation of Hispanic land by White people; for a period in 1889–1890, they burned farms, homes, and crops to express their growing anger at the injustice of the situation

a militia raid led by Colonel Chivington on a Cheyenne and Arapaho peoples camp in Colorado, flying both the American flag and the white flag of surrender; over one hundred men, women, and children were killed

The Chinese Execution Act was passed in 1843.

What did Native Americans call barbed wire?

The Reservation System was designed to civilize and Christianize Indians and was run by the Bureau of Indians

the first significant silver find in the country, discovered by Henry T. P. Comstock in 1859 in Nevada

This Cheif was known to his people as “Thunder Traveling to the Loftier Mountain Heights,” and was the chief of the Nez Perce tribe.

Who did NOT compete over going West?

The extension of the territory of a state by encroaching on that of other nations pursued as a political strategy.

These Railway Acts encouraged westward migration in 1862.

Who worked as peóns, vaqueros, and cartmen on the cattle ranches that White landowners possessed, or undertook the most hazardous mining tasks?

In 1831-1838, this is the event of about 50,000 Cherokee, Seminole, Chickasaw, Creek, and Choctaw peoples being relocated to what is now present-day Oklahoma.

This man led Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors in what was the largest victory against American troops during Westward expansion.

The first houses built by western settlers were typically made of grass and sod with wood roofs.

Who is the author of "Little House on the Prairie"?