What are three distinct historical regions of kidney?

How much ml of blood do kidneys receive per minute?

Put arteries in order

1. renal artery

2. interlobar artery

3. interlobular artery

4. arcuate artery

5. segmental artery

Which of these is false about glomerulus?

The outer parietal layer is extension of renal tubule made of simple ___ epithelium

Once the fluid reaches the ___, it is known as urine

Tubular secretion; fluid and solutes are reabsorbed from filtrate and returned to blood

Which of these is false about glomerular filtration?

H20 moves into filtrate when hydrostatic pressure is ___ than colloid osmotic pressure

H20 moves into plasma (blood) when colloid osmotic pressure is ___ than hydrostatic pressure

Myogenic mechanism increases?

myogenic mechanism constrict afferent arteriole, ____ blood flow through glomerulus.

if GFR increases, the filtrate volume goes __, and more Na+ and Cl- are absorbed into macula densa cells triggering release of paracrine signals.

Angiotensin II promotes

When blood pressure drops so does GFR, this causes the release of renin into blood stream from ___

___ are the female accessory glands while ___ are the male.

GnRH comes from the ____ and targets the ____ ____ to stimulate the secretion of LH and ____.

FSH comes from the ____ and targets the _____.

Which hormone stimulates production of androgen- binding protein (ABP)?

LH comes from ___ and targets the ____ to stimulate the production and secretion of ____

Which hormone is responsible for secondary sexual characteristics in male and female

GnRH is located in the _____ and targets the ___ ___. This stimulates the secretion of ___ and ___.

FSH targets the ___ and ____. It tells the follicles to start development and stimulate granulosa cells to convert androgens to ____.

What stimulates follicles to finish maturation after the 14th day of a woman's cycle?

The ovaries and granulosa cells are responsible for everything except?

Progesterone is sourced from?

Inhibin inhibits the secretion of?

___ protects and regulates temperature of testes

Which of these is false?

What muscle is lining the scrotum?

Which smooth muscle controls the height of the testes?

The dartos muscle contracts to ___ surface area of scrotum when cold and relaxes when ____

Which of these is true?

Which cell contracts to push sperm and testicular fluid through tubules

The sight of sperm maturation and storage is the?

Head receives ____ ductules from testis, which becomes called ductus epidiymis; long, coiled tube lined with ______ epithelial cells.

Ductus deferens can store sperm for ___ and ___ expired sperm

The seminal fluid is

Prostatic secretion makes up ___ of semen volume.

Prostatic secretion contains a milky fluid of

Membranous urethra passes ___ external urethral sphincter

What is another word for foreskin?

There are __ corpora cavernosa and __ corpus spongism

Semen makes up about __% of semen volume and a typical ejaculate is between __-___ million sperm cells

Semen will ___ to prevent it from leaking out of vagina.

The process that prepares plasma membrane of sperm to penetrate and fertilize ova is?

What allows sperm access further into female tract by contraction in female reproductive tract?

Process in which male gametes, or sperm cells are produced

Before puberty, spermatogonia ____. After puberty spermatogonia begin to produce ____ spermatocytes- ____

When primary spermatocyte undergoes first meiotic division, it forms ___ smaller haploid cells called ___ spermatocytes

Sustentacular cells will:

After meiosis I produces two haploid secondary spermatocytes, they undergo meiosis II to produce a total of ___ haploid spermatids.

Mitosis involves two ___ cells and meiosis involves 4 ___ cells.

LH stimulates ___ cells to produce testosterone and FSH stimulates ___ cells to secrete androgen binding protein.

Erythropoietin is stimulated to produce testosterone from the ___

Ejaculation is a ____ ____ process to expel semen

___ is a period in which reproductive functions begin to decline in males. The size of testes ____ and the number of sustentacular and interstitial cells ____.

During andropause, GnRH will ____ production of FSH and LH. The prostate gland experiences _____

What is the percentage of all infertility cases due to males?

___ produces oocytes and estrogen, progesterone and inhibin, while the __ sustains embryo and sheds during menstrual flow

The wound consists of

Outermost serous layer is the ___ while the ____ is the innermost layer that lines uterine cavity.

__ helps maintain acidic pH of vagina. Vaginal mucosa is composed of ___ squamous epithelium.

Epithelial cells secrete ___ into vaginal lumen

___ is the incision made in tissues of perineum to prevent natural tearing during childbirth

How many lobes radiate around and open into nipple?

Before birth, stem cells called ____ are formed to proliferate by ____

primary oocytes complete first meiotic division to produce __ haploid cells. Secondary oocyte contains most of ___ and proceeds to ____ II.

Which of these is incorrectly paired about spermatogenesis and oogenesis

During luteal phase, ruptured follicle becomes an ____ organ called corpus ludeum

Corpus ____ are whitish knot of scar tissue left from old follicles after they cease secreting hormones

Which of these is false about menses

Follicular phase extends from day __ to ___ and luteal phase extends from day ___ to ___

Stratum functionalis sheds with a discharge of __-__ ml of blood

Female libido may be related to androgen DHEA produced by the

Early menopause is occurrence of menopause before age of ___, while premature menopause occurs before age of ___.

Hormone imbalance of excessive androgens, interfere with normal ovulation is called

Most common viral infection is ___ ___ caused by over 40 different types of human papilloma

Genital herpes usually caused by herpes simplex virus type __, can be transmittable direct skin to skin contact.

chlamydia is a __ infection while trichomoniasis is a ___ infection.

Lesion called a canker is due to

Fluid balance is the study of maintaining appropriate ___ and concentration of body's ____ and extracellular fluids.

Males have __ total body water, woman have ___ and infants have ___.

Intracellular fluid is more than interstitial fluid

Electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ___ and have a ___ particles. Non-electrolytes have strongest ___ bonds and have ___ charge.

Protein content is high in the ___, and almost zero in the ____

Sodium contains more ___, potassium contains more ____

Usually ___ cannot move freely and need a transport protein while ___ can move freely due to ___

Osmotic pressure gradient; force of solutes that tends to pull h20 toward solution with ___ osmotic pressure.

Hydrostatic pressure gradient; force that fluid exerts on cells; tends to push h20 ___ from area of higher hydrostatic pressure

Drinking a lot of fluid may cause ____ plasma

Plasma may result from sweating a lot called

Easiest source of water is ___ and the best way to expel it out is through ____

About ___ ml of urine needs to be produced daily to prevent toxic buildup of molecules

ADH is produced in the ____ and released from ____.

All of these except ___ are involved in fluid balance

When dehydrated, volume ___ and ECF concentration ___

If you vomit, h20 loss ___ plasma volume and ___ solute concentration

___ enhances thirst sensation

Drinking more water after detecting dehydration is a ___ feedback loop

Losing mainly fluid is known as h__natremia while losing mainly sodium is known as h__natremia

Dehydration causes a ___ in blood volume/pressure and an ___ in Na+ concentration

Angiotensin II causes

During overhydration (hypotonic), volume is ___ and concentration of ECF is ___.

When osmotic pressure of plasma decreases, H20 moves ___ cell by osmosis

Bleeding can cause

Hypervolemia is fluid excess, exists when ECF volume ___ without a change in osmotic pressure

The most abundant extracellular cation is

ANP increases Na+ ___ while angiotensin-II and aldosterone increase Na+ ____

Hypernatremia is elevated Na+ concentration; greater than __ mEq/I caused by dehydration, while hyponatreamia is decreased Na+ concentration; less than ___ mEq/I caused by overhydration

When Na+ levels in the __ decrease, receptors in the macula densa activate ___

Most abundant intracellular cation is?

When K+ rushes out of the cell, cytosol becomes ___ positive

Which of these is false about potassium

Calcium is a ___cellular __ion , while phosphorus is a ___cellular ___ion

When ECF Ca2+ levels drop, Ca2+ is released from bone tissue by osteo___

When Ca2+ is deposited in bone tissue it is due to osteo_

Calcitonin is released by the ___ gland

PTH activates vitamin

The release of PTH by the parathyroid gland stimulates Ca2+

Increase in calcium uptake in ___ activates vitamin D and increases calcium uptake in ___

Hypercalcemia leads to all of the following except

Hypocalcemia leads to a ___ in vitamin D

CL- is an ___cellular ___ion while Mg2+ is a ___cellular ___ion

High levels of magnesium block calcium entry into cells and can lead to ___calcemia

pH is the measure of ___ in a solution

HCO3- is a ___ and H2CO3 and HCl is ___

Normal pH range of bodily fluid is 7.__ - 7.__

Which is false

H+ is put into ___ and HCO3- goes into ___.

Phosphate buffer system primarily functions in the __ tubules of ICF

When you vomit this is due to ____, ___ pH and HCO3-

Diarrhea is due to metabolic ____ and ___ pH and HCO3-

Decreased gas exchange in the alveoli is due to respiratory ____ which is a ___ in pH and a _____ Pco2

Respiratory alkalosis is a __ in pH and ___ in Pco2, hyperventilation due to high altitudes and ___ atmospheric Po2.

Fully compensated imbalance means

Anchoring the peritoneum is due to the renal ___ and a thin layer that surrounds kidney is the renal ___

The most deep layer of kidney is

Renal columns are locating in the renal ___ and renal pyramids are locating in the renal ___

Renal ___ drains urine into the ureter

Descending limb is made of ___ epithelial cells

Ascending limb becomes simple ___ epithelial cell

What regulates blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate

Cortical nephrons make up ___% of nephrons and Juxtamedullary nephrons make up __%..

Which of these is true about glomerular filtration

Collagen is important because

How many nitrogenous wastes are produced in glomerular filtration?

Colloid pressure is created by proteins, mostly ____ in plasma. The osmotic gradient pulls H20 into blood ____ by osmosis

Hydrostatic pressure is the force of fluid on capillary ___; pushes H20 out of capillary into ____

Water moves into filtrate when hydrostatic pressure is ___ than COP. Water moves into plasma when COP is ___ than hydrostatic pressure

How do you calculate NFP?

When afferent arterioles ____, it ___ systemic blood pressure and ___ GFR

JGA regulates

Macula densa is found in

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion is a result of excess fluid retention that leads to ___ in plasma osmolarity and a ___ in urine osmolarity

Excess ADH is caused by ___ tumors

Inflammation of glomerular capillaries and basement membrane causes ___ in blood flow and capillary permeability; ____ GHP

Kidney stones are composed of ___ ___ salts

Crystals can form in the

___ motor fibers stimulate detrusor muscle to contract and ___ urethral sphincter to relax

The micturition center is found in the ___ and the reflex arc is mediated by the ____ ANS.

The detrusor muscle is ____ smooth muscle.

Antidiuretic and aldosterone promote

If body is dehydrated, urine is ___. If there is excess h20, ___ h20 is reabsorbed and urine is ____

Aquaporins:

if blood pH increases, HCO3- is reabsorbed ___. When blood pH decreases, it becomes too __.

PCT helps:

If there is too much glucose in the filtrate this is called

Macula densa sends signals to JG cells causing ___ renin release, which allows efferent arterioles to ___ causing a ___ in GFR

When GFR increases, this causes afferent arterioles to ___. This is the ____

RAAS stands for

___ in blood flow through ___ arteriole triggers JG cells to release renin into blood system