WorksheetsSLA Theories (Second Language Acquisition Theories)
Total questions: 107
Worksheet time: 57mins
Chomsky's nativist theory states that
We are born with an understanding of direct access.
We are born with an understanding of how a language works.
We are born with an understanding of nesting.
We are born with an understanding of language output.
What is the purposed of LAD (language acquisition device), according to Chomsky?
It is a device in a learner's brain that helps them access previously neutral stimulus.
It is a device in a learner's brain that is responsible for monitoring what sort of responses learners give while learning L1.
It is a device in a learner's brain that is responsible for language learning in that it helps them consciously and easily understand all input in a L2 classroom setting.
It is a device in a learner's brain that is responsible for language learning in that children already subconsciously know basic grammar. when they are born and continue to learn vocabulary through communication.
Thanks to LAD, learners....
do not stay silent in class.
do not make expected errors.
do not have an affective filter.
do not monitor their output.
Chomksy has theorized that all humans are born with UG., meaning...
...universal grammar - a basic understanding of what kind or structures to transfer from their L1 to L2.
...universal grammar - a basic understanding of how our minds are tabula rasa (all knowledge comes from experience or perception).
...universal grammar - a basic understanding of how communication is structured (with a certain limited number of possibilities).
...universal grammar - a basic understanding of how some grammatical structures tend to be acquired early while others late.
Chomksy argued for Universal Grammar, because...
....children everywhere develop language in a similar way in a short period of time.
....children everywhere develop language with little assistance.
....children everywhere show awareness of language categories.
All of the above.
Chomsky thinks thinks UG makes sense, because all languages...
...share the same nouns, verbs and adjectives when we really look at it.
...share specific traits or similar elements or grammar structure like categories of words, word order of a typical sentence.
...share specific sounds and meaning.
...share unique traits or elements which can be transferred from one language structure to another.
Nativist theory says there is a...
...repeated sequential use of error correction.
...repeated sequential use of a particular sound or phonetic element when learning a language.
...repeated sequential use of a particular type of linguistic element or grammatical structure when learning a language..
...repeated sequential use of input and output.
Because language structures repeat themselves (Chomsky), it allows learners to....
...expand their performance despite the internalized input.
...switch their places.
...expand their meanings beyond their generalized meaning.
...expand those structures infinitely.
Nesting is the name for
(multiple correct answers).
the application of lexical devices in an utterance, such as hyponymy, metonymy, and antonymy.
the recursive (repetitive) purposes of languages.
the unique purposes of languages.
a phenomenon where a linguistic rule can be applied to the result of the application of the same rule
Chomsky's critics have said that...
(multiple correct answers).
He relies too much upon people's intuitions as to what is right or wrong, but people can make different judgements and it's not clear if those always reflect the way people really do use the language.
He distinguishes between the 'core' or central grammar of a language but some grammar structures are just a historical accident, not an integral part of the core grammar and what can we even consider as the 'core?
It is difficult to perceive how
acquisition and learning that are, according to him,
'housed' in two separate linguistic categories,
could be put into use by L2 learners.
He reduces language to its grammar. He seems to regard meaning as secondary and completely disregards the social context.
In Nativist theory, what is the idea behind 'direct access'?
That L2 learners use their general learning capacity.
Only that part of UG which has been used in L1 acquisition is used in L2 acquisition.
That L2 acquisition is just like L1 acquisition. Language acquisition device (LAD) is involved.
In Nativist theory, what is the idea behind 'indirect access'?
Only that part of UG which has been used in L1 acquisition is used in L2 acquisition.
That L2 learners use their general learning capacity.
That L2 acquisition is just like L1 acquisition. Language acquisition device (LAD) is involved.
In Nativist theory, what is the idea behind 'no access'?
That L2 acquisition is just like L1 acquisition. Language acquisition device (LAD) is involved.
That L2 learners use their general learning capacity.
Only that part of UG which has been used in L1 acquisition is used in L2 acquisition.
Which of these are some notable names connected to the theory of behaviourism?
(multiple right answers)?
J. B. Watson,
Ivan Pavlov
Michael Long,
Rod Ellis
B. F Skinner,
Edward Thorndike
Jeremy Harmer,
Teresa Pica
Behaviourists say that psychology should be based on what we can...
explain.
predict.
measure.
overturn.
Which of these theories states that:
Experience is more important
to development than innate contributions.
Nativist theory
Monitor theory
The Affective Filter hypothesis
Behaviourism
Environmentalists believe that all knowledge comes from... (pick 2).
innate contributions.
perception.
experience.
tabula rasa.
The child's mind is a Tabula rasa, which means that...
they are born without built-in mental content and therefore all knowledge comes from what they experience and perceive.
they are born with a stimulus-response chain by which all learning is an establishment of habits.
they are born with an innate understanding of how a language is structured and use it instinctively when engaging in conversation.
their behaviour changes as a response to positive or negative reinforcement.
According to behaviourism all humans learn in similar ways and therefore the environment defines
...how much access we have to our LAD in L2 acquisition.
...how many years it takes us to master a language.
...who we are and how we act.
What should be prioritized in teaching, according to behaviourists?
Written language.
Monitoring.
Error correction.
Spoken language.
The core idea of behaviourism is that language develops as a result of certain behaviours, such as (pick all that are correct):
reinforcement.
rewarding.
translation.
imitation.
Language learning is a process of...
...acquiring meaning.
...self-correction.
...habit formation.
Repetition patterns and associative chains are connected to which theory of SLA?
Contrastive analysis hypothesis
Behaviourism
The Natural Order hypothesis
Nativist theories
Are learning by heart and memorization encouraged by behaviourists?
Yes
No
Learning through trial-and-error is frowned upon by environmentalists.
No
Yes
A stimulus response chain...
...is a subconscious process like what children undergo when they acquire their first language.
... is a learning process where subject is taught to respond in a specific way to a previously neutral stimulus.
... is a series of responses that each trigger the next stimulus in the sequence.
...is what helps a learner correct deviations from normal speech and gives their speech a more polished appearance.
Behaviourism. Find the right term.
A subject's behaviour changes as a response to positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement so subject learns to associate the reinforcement with the behaviour.
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Behaviourism. Find the right term.
Learning process where subject is taught to respond in a specific way to a previously neutral stimulus to elicit a response when repeatedly encountered together with another stimulus that already elicits the response.
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Behaviourism. Find the right term.
A previously neutral stimulus (like rat) that is used together with an unconditioned stimulus (like loud noise) to teach the subject to produce a desired response/behaviour, eventually allowing it to be used independently to get the same response then it become a(n):
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Behaviourism. Find the right term.
When a baby cries as a response to loud noises, because it is natural thing to do, we would call the crying a(n):
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Positive punishment vs Negative punishment
Which is an example of a positive punishment?
When a child misbehaves, taking their mobile phone away.
When a child misbehaves, giving them chores to do.
Stephen Krashen's Monitor model is an example of which theory?
Behaviourism
Nativist
Sociocultural
Which of Krashen's hypothesis is described below:
The only function of learning within second language acquisition is an editor, for language use produced by the acquired system as well as to produce grammatical forms not yet acquired. The editor's role then is to correct deviations from normal speech and to give the learner's speech a more polished appearance.
The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
The Input Hypothesis
The Monitor Hypothesis
The Affective Filter Hypothesis
Language acquisition, according to Krashen, is ...
...a subconscious process of natural communication and meaningful interactions . Speakers are concentrated not on form but in the communicative act, subconsciously absorbing language.
...a conscious process and a product of formal instruction, resulting in conscious knowledge about the language like knowledge of grammar rules.
Language learning, according to Krashen, is ...
...a subconscious process of natural communication and meaningful interactions . Speakers are concentrated not on form but in the communicative act, subconsciously absorbing language.
...a conscious process and a product of formal instruction, resulting in conscious knowledge about the language like knowledge of grammar rules.
(Krashen) According to the inductive approach...
...a teacher centered setting is emphasized in order to produce learning. It's more traditional. The teacher explains the grammar rules uses controlled activities. Requires less time.
...a learner-centered setting is emphasized and it leads to acquisition. The learners discover the grammar rules by themselves. More useful, but also more time-consuming.
(Krashen) According to the deductive approach...
...a teacher centered setting is emphasized in order to produce learning. It's more traditional. The teacher explains the grammar rules uses controlled activities. Requires less time.
...a learner-centered setting is emphasized and it leads to acquisition. The learners discover the grammar rules by themselves. More useful, but also more time-consuming.
According to the inductive-deductive approach...
The students formulate rules with the help of examples.
The students formulate rules with the help of only the teacher.
Which language teaching method is described below?
Learners accidentally “pick up” a grammatical feature while their primary focus is on some other aspect of language. Grammar features are not directly taught, but opportunities for learning them occur during other classroom interactions.
Deductive approach
Inductive-deductive approach
Incidental approach
Inductive approach
According to Krashen, is learning more important than acquisition?
Yes, learning is the top priority.
No, he emphasizes acquisition over learning.
What does a learner need for the Monitor in their brains to function properly? Please select all the right answers.
Sufficient time at their disposal
An opportunity to consult with another learner before they make an utterance
Thinking about correctness / focusing on the form
Knowing the grammar rules
According to Krashen, over-users of the Monitor:
Use the monitor appropriately / reasonably / in normal amounts.
Prefer not to focus on their conscious knowledge or have yet not learned to use it. Extroverts usually do this.
Use the monitor all the time. Introverts and perfectionists do this a lot. Lack of self-confidence frequently plays a role.
According to Krashen, under-users of the Monitor:
Use the monitor appropriately / reasonably / in normal amounts.
Prefer not to focus on their conscious knowledge or have yet not learned to use it. Extroverts usually do this.
Use the monitor all the time. Introverts and perfectionists do this a lot. Lack of self-confidence frequently plays a role.
According to Krashen, optimal-users of the Monitor:
Use the monitor appropriately / reasonably / in normal amounts.
Prefer not to focus on their conscious knowledge or have yet not learned to use it. Extroverts usually do this.
Use the monitor all the time. Introverts and perfectionists do this a lot. Lack of self-confidence frequently plays a role.
Which of these 'checks' an expression against consciously known rules and may modify it before uttering it:
Conditioned stimulus
The Monitor
LAD (Language Acquisition Device)
Universal Grammar
According to Krashen, do language users always utilize their Monitor?
Contemporary SLA theories have disproven the idea of a Monitor.
Yes, when the three conditions are met, they almost always do.
No, even if all the three conditions are met, a language user may not utilize the Monitor.
Most of the time.
Krashen says that in order to advance, a learner needs to get:
varied input
comprehensible input
input that is considerably above their level
(Krashen) In itself, comprehensible input is...
active vocabulary which should always be the focus of a lesson.
a well-organized lesson plan.
a small text that the student can recite by heart with ease.
a message that students can understand.
Which of these can help make input more comprehensible?
(Pick all that you think are correct)
using repetition
using pictures
using gestures
using slightly advanced vocabulary
(Krashen) The Silent Period occurs...
...in children who have learning difficulties from an early age.
...in children who come from a foreign country and need to build up their language competence first.
...in children who come from a foreign country and need constant positive reinforcement to speak.
...in children that are bilingual from birth.
Which one of Krashen's Hypothesis is described below?
The way teachers plan their lessons or what kind of environment they create in their classroom, what kind of methods they use to teach, if not done well, can create sort of barrier in learning, which stops comprehensible input from being ‘let in’ by the learner. Various personal factor can affect whether the barrier is high or low, such as student motivation, anxiety levels, self- confidence, self-image, extroversion vs introversion, which all promote or inhibit language acquisition and whether the input gets blocked or not. There are also a number of things a teacher can do within a classroom to lower the mental barrier.
The Input Hypothesis
The Affective Filter Hypothesis
The Natural Order Hypothesis
The Monitor Hypothesis
According to Krashen, what do teachers sometimes do in a classroom setting that lowers students' affective filter?
Encourage them and see errors as natural thing
during learning, create a respectful atmosphere in the classroom,
have zero tolerance for disrespect towards other students, facilitate pair-work and group work and
think-pair-share activities, have clear classroom routines.
Correcting errors often,
tolerating laughing at or the mocking of at mistakes,
putting students in embarrassing situations and forcing them to answer when they don't feel comfortable,
having no clear lesson routines.
According to Krashen, what do teachers sometimes do in a classroom setting that raises students' affective filter?
Encourage them and see errors as natural thing
during learning, create a respectful atmosphere in the classroom,
have zero tolerance for disrespect towards other students, facilitate pair-work and group work and
think-pair-share activities, have clear classroom routines.
Correcting errors often,
tolerating laughing at or the mocking of at mistakes,
putting students in embarrassing situations and forcing them to answer when they don't feel comfortable,
having no clear lesson routines.
Which of Krashen's Hypothesis is described below?
Grammatical structures are acquired in a natural, predictable order. However, it's not always easy to predict this order. It needs to be acquired as it comes up in communication. Still there is a typical order of acquisition, regardless of what the learner's L1 is. The order of L2 differs from learning L1. L2 learning adults and children show a similar order. Meaning, the order of learning seems to be independent of the learners’ age, L1 background, conditions of exposure to the language. Some grammatical structures tend to be acquired early while others late.
The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
The Affective Filter Hypothesis
The Natural Order Hypothesis
The Input Hypothesis
Who said this?
Language rules that are the easiest to state are not always the first acquired (a/the easy to teach but not easiest for students to learn). The grammatical features with the greatest amount of meaning are the first to be acquired instead. So verbs, nouns, adjectives are acquired before things that do not affect meaning.
Chomsky
Watson
Skinner
Krashen
Who came up with the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis?
Robert Lado
Teresa Pica
James Asher
Jeremy Harmer
What does the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis attempt to do?
Attempts to find reasoning for the different learning tempos of students as well as their intrinsic motivation (or lack, there of) for language acquisition.
It compares different types of learner habits to find similarities and differences between them.
It compares two or more languages to determine the differences or similarities between them.
Attempts to find the differences and similarities between how humans and animals communicate with their young and how 'language' thus develops in their offspring.
According to Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, what is 'negative transfer'?
If L1 is easily translated into L2.
If L1 is not easily tanslated into L2.
According to Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, what is 'positive transfer'?
If L1 is easily translated into L2.
If L1 is not easily tanslated into L2.
Which of these notable names believed the following and what hypothesis or theory is it related to?
Language is a set of habits. Learning is the establishment of new habits. L1 habits can interfere with L2 / target language (TL) habits. The major source of errors is a learner's L1. The focus should be on where the L1 and TL differ, since these are the places which cause the most trouble for students. Being able to account for errors by considering differences between L1 and TL is important. Greater differences between the two languages lead to more errors. Differences between L1 and TL must be taught, but similarities will be implicitly transferred from L1. Difficulty/ease of learning is determined by the differences between L1 and TL. In the case of 'negative transfer' the educator is solely responsible for their students' learning.
Jeremy Harmer
Task-Based Learning
Stephen Krashen
Natural Order Hypothesis
Chomsky
Universal Grammar
Robert Lado
Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis
What does the Audio-Lingual Method aim to do accomplish?
(Several correct answers)
It aims for perfect pronounciaton.
It aims for confidence during presentations.
It aims for good writing skills.
It aims for sufficient vocabulary and accurate grammar knowledge.
According to the Audio-Lingual Method, grammar is the starting point for a student learning a new language. How does it believe in teaching grammar?
There is no explicit grammatical instruction. Grammar is taught inductively. Students try to figure it out themselves.
Grammar is taught deductively. The teacher presents the grammar rules first and then the class starts practising the example sentences.
According to the Audio-Lingual Method, are learner errors / mistakes tolerated?
ALM believes mistakes are part of learning and students learn to correct themselves the more they listen to one-another.
ALM believes mistakes are bad habits and they should be avoided and corrected right away.
What kind of activities are used in an Audio-Lingual Method of teaching?
Working in pairs, learning from one-another, analysing grammar before speaking exercises, reading out loud, roleplays with the help of a dialogue on paper, repeating model sentences, drilling, in the end students make up their own dialogue or text and read it out loud.
Reading aloud dialogues, repetitions of model sentences, drilling, correct imitation, attention to correct pronunciation, memorizing a text in the end after enough repetition.
Is the use of L1 tolerated in an Audio-Lingual Method based lesson?
Yes, it's occasionally okay.
No, only use TL.
Who developed the TPR (Total Physical Response) method?
Teresa Pica
James Asher
Rod Ellis
Jeremy Harmer
What does TPR based teaching entail?
(2 answers)
The goal is to develop oral fluency. Lessons are organized around grammar, especially a specific verb. The students are not forced to speak. In the initial stages, there is little error correction.
The goal is to develop a good command of grammar through active group work and pair work. Students are encouraged to speak and teacher correct their errors when necessary, especially in the beginning to support good pronunciation.
Grammar is not explicitly taught, but by induction. Students are expected to acquire the grammatical structure of the language through exposure to spoken input.
Grammar is taught deductively. Students first learn a structure and then move on to activities. They are exposed to the correct forms at the beginning of the class.
What are some typical learning aids for a TPR based lesson?
Visual materials such as worksheets,
pair-work dialogues, books with illustrations AND text,
newspapers and magazines. Good for visual learners.
Encouraged for beginners and advanced learners.
Realia, posters, and props, games (Simon Says...) using the body A lot of repetition, using body language; mimes, showing and guessing activities, etc. Good for kinaesthetic learners, especially beginners.
What is codebreaking in TPR?
Encouraging students to break out their typical learning styles.
Supporting the production of accurate and correct output.
Decoding the messages in the input.
When using the Silent Way Method in a classroom...
(several answers)
Teachers should be as silent as possible, but learners speak as much as possible.
Learners should be as silent as possible, but teachers speak as much as possible to guide them along and demonstrate correct pronunciation.
Learners demonstrate language comprehension only through physical response to show they understood a structure or sentence. Teacher gives feedback at the end.
Learners discover, problem solve or create themselves, discovering rules inductively. Learning from one-another, student-to-student. Students give feedback at the end.
Which one of these well-known language teaching methods makes use of Cuisenaire rods and cards?
Audio-Lingual Method
TPR (Total Physical Response)
Silent Way Method
Communicative Approach
Which one of these well-known language teaching methods holds near native like proficiency in especially high regard?
Silent Way Method
Audio-Lingual Method
Communicative Approach
TPR (Total Physical Response)
Does Silent Way have a structural syllabus (=> teaching one new language structure at a time, old structures continuously reviewed and recycled)?
Yes
No
Which two language methods avoids the use of L1?
TPR (Total Physical Response)
Grammar-Translation Method
Silent Way
In the Silent Way method, are the language structures that are being taught chosen for their communicative value?
Yes
No
How does the teacher using the Silent Way method demonstrate and teach new vocabulary?
The teacher reads the new vocabulary out loud and the student indicate with a physical response whether the pronunciation is right or not.
The teacher elicits vocabulary from the students by letting them read the words from the board, but the teacher keeps silent meanwhile and doesn't correct them orally.
The Silent Way teaches that language is NOT learned by...
...repeating the language structures and vocabulary after a model (teacher). The students have to create their own criteria of correctness and correct themselves when prompted. Teacher works with the students while students work on the language.
...by figuring it out alone, but listening silently when the teacher is pronouncing and demonstrating the new words and only repeating when asked to, otherwise staying silent. The teacher creates the criteria for correctness.
What is rote learning (Silent Way avoids this)?
Rote learning is the process of discovering new vocabulary items on your own through the process.
Rote learning is the process of memorizing specific new items as they are encountered.
According to the Silent Way, are learner errors / mistakes tolerated?
Errors are a part of learning, but since Silent Way aims for native-like proficiency and excellent pronunciation, students are helped along silently until they can correct themselves, or, self-correct. Students are expected to progress, not perform perfectly.
Errors are not tolerated in the Silent Way, which aims for native-like proficiency and excellent pronunciation, teacher corrects the students vocally and asks them to repeat. Students are expected to progress quickly.
Which hypothesis is described below?
It combines both the “input” and “output” in learning. It is not only a means to studying a language, but also a way to practice what has been learned. States that both innate and environmental factors explain language learning.
Focuses on how a language exchange might affect acquisition with the view that INPUT is the key ingredient for the acquisition of ESL. Comprehensible input is therefore crucial. Learners have to communicate and negotiate for meaning. The exchange should be personal and direct as the development of language proficiency is promoted by face-to-face interaction and communication.
The Natural Order Hypothesis
The Interaction Hypothesis
The Affective Filter Hypothesis
The Input Hypothesis
Who came up with the Interaction Hypothesis?
Michael Long
Teresa Pica
Rod Ellis
This sort interaction is also nicknamed....
The participants talk to one another in the L2 and attempt to understand and repair miscommunication during an interaction. Slowing down their speech, speaking more deliberately, requesting clarification or repairing speech or paraphrasing. Helping each other, modeling the correct forms in other words, and the learner actively gets feedback on interaction and grammar. This way the learner receives more input than they would otherwise. Interactions like this can help the learners reflect on what they know of the language vs reality as in what they are hearing irl.
Meeting
Exchange
Negotiation
Communicative approach
The STRONG FORM of interaction, means...
The interaction is simply the way the learners find learning opportunities, whether or not they make productive use of them.
The interaction itself contributes to language development.
The WEAK FORM of interaction, means...
The interaction is simply the way the learners find learning opportunities, whether or not they make productive use of them.
The interaction itself contributes to language development.
Interactionist Teresa Pica said the requirements for SLA are:
(pick all 3):
Comprehensible input
Negotiation of meaning
Comprehensible output
Interlocutor relationship and shared communicative goals
Who said this about 'negotiation'?
Negotiations of meaning do not always elicit the result that is intended. In a clarification request, learners elaborate and restructure their response.
Ivan Pavlov
Teresa Pica
James Asher
Noam Chomsky
These three conditions for learning to take place were described in whose model?
1. The motivation to learn
2. Linguistic faculty (biological capacity and the knowledge at disposal)
3. Access to language (input and communication opportunities)
Krashen's
Chomsky's
Klein's
Pavlov's
Interactionism stems from...
From the innate desire to find like-minded people from a similar cultural background.
People's desire to communicate with the world.
The desire to put one's L2 skills to a test.
Fear of being utterly alone with one's own thoughts and understandings and then losing the ability to communicate at all.
Rod Ellis said that acquisition is possible only if:
(mark all that are correct)
The learners both comprehend the input and are able to adopt differences into their own output.
The learners have an innate desire to improve their L2 language skills during the exchange.
Interaction situations force learners to modify their output and it promotes their L2 learning.
(Rod Ellis) What is Focus-on-Form instruction?
Uses a listening task with a focus on meaning to bring attention to form.
Uses a communicative task with a focus on meaning to bring attention to form.
Uses a written task with a focus on meaning to bring attention to form.
Which language teaching technique is described below?
Based on the idea that learning language successfully comes through having to communicate real meaning. Uses natural strategies for language acquisition (learn to USE the language, like practising question forms by finding out personal information about classmates = meaningful and real communication).
Emphasis on skills, lessons learner-centered, use of authentic materials, enhancement of the learners’ own personal experiences.
Natural Acquisition Theory
Communicative Language Teaching
Audio-Lingual Method
TPR (Total Physical Response)
When and why did CLT emerge?
Approach started from dissatisfaction
with grammar-translation and
audio-lingual methods
in the late 1960s.
Approach started from dissatisfaction
with TPR and
Silent Way
in the 1970s/80s.
Which previous theories was CLT influenced by?
(pick 2)
Chomsky's universal grammar theory
Krashen's comprehensible input theory
Long's interaction theories
Asher's TPR method
For communicative purposes, CLT moved away from grammatical
competence to..
(pick 2)
the confidence needed for communication.
the knowledge needed for communication.
the vocabulary needed for communication.
the skills needed for communication.
What kind of activities are used in CLT?
matching tasks,
dialogues,
feedback
multiple choice gaps,
T/F
feedback
visual presentation
written analysis
feedback
information gap,
choice,
feedback
In CLT, the teacher makes an effort to...
Modify the final output => monitors that all students' final responses are at the slower learners' level even in the final stage of the interaction so everybody understands, this means the teacher can even give up the learned structure if it's too complicated for some learners to use
Modify the input => speaking at a level of language students can understand while other students also speak a simplified language so that everybody understands
CLT has not been standardized. Every teacher can modify it slightly as needed for their own lesson. Below are some examples of what modern CLT entails:
(pick all you think are fitting).
Grammar points can emerge at any time during a lesson as a consequence of of the learners’ engagement in meaningful communication. Emphasis on practising and speaking.
The instruction is more form-focused. There is corrective feedback, drilling, using language in a new context, high frequency exposure (to new vocabulary items etc.).
Grammar is taught separately from examples for more intense focus on language structures and parts of speech.
Stories, role playing, “real-life” situations, Newspapers, TV broadcasts, field trips.
Teaching methods:
ESA stands for:
Emerge
Speak
Affirm
Engage
Study
Activate
Expect
Shift
Automate
Which teaching method is described below?
Focus is on accuracy, communication and fluency.
Teacher sets the context, topic, relates the material for learners (personalize).
Teacher lead activities and grammar or student led discovery activities.
Promotes communications. Any and all language allowed.
ARC
ESA
PPP
TBL
Teaching methods:
ARC stands for:
Affirming
Restricting
Clearing
Asking
Raising hand
Communicating
Authentic
Restricted
Clarification (and focus)
Which teaching method is described below?
Starts with an explanation of rules. There is a conversational stage, text or audio, then a gap-fill exercise, for example and finally an explanation on the whiteboard.
PPP
TBL
ESA
ARC
Teaching methods:
TTT stands for:
Test
Test
Test
Teach
Test
Teach
Test
Teach
Test
Which teaching method is described below?
Students demonstrate first what they know already, then the teacher goes over the results with the students compares, corrects, then there is usually controlled practise and a more freer practise, and finally another check of what they have acquired.
TTT
ARC
PPP
TBL
Teaching methods:
PPP stands for:
Preparation
Presentation
Practice
Prelude
Presenting
Practise
Presentation
Practise
Production
Which teaching method is described below?
The focus is on the task, and ultimately on meaning. It's a natural extension of the strong version of CLT.
There are meaning-focused tasks (activities), or a communication problem to solve.
TBL
ARC
PPP
TTT
Teaching methods:
TBL stands for:
Task-Based-Language
Task-Based-Learning
Which language teaching approach is described below?
Meaning is emphasized over form and input is made comprehensible by the use of
contextual cues, props and gestures. There is limited error correction. Learners only learn from the other learners, which means they are exposed to a lot of mistakes as well.
TBL
LAD
CLT
TPR
