A literary, historical, religious, or mythological reference. For example, one might contrast the life and tribulations of Fredrick Douglass to the trials of Job.

A reference to a particular event or character in classical works of literature, such as ancient Roman or Greek works.

The quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness.

A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.

The juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, grammatical structure, or ideas.

The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.

A comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things. Often, this uses something familiar to explain something unfamiliar or complex.

Writing that has an instructive purpose or lesson. It often has the connotation of being dry or pompous.

The goal the author wants to achieve.

A logical fallacy of saying a claim is true simply because an authority figure made it. This authority figure could be anyone: an instructor, a politician, a well-known academic, an author, or even an individual with experience related to the claim’s subject. 

"The Birth-Mark", Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story, _______ the Greek myth of Pygmalion when Aylmer exclaims, "Even Pygmalion, when his sculptured woman assumed life, felt not greater ecstasy than mine will be."

"Some see the idea of a museum for rock & roll as _________ to the music's rebellious ethics."

Some of Aesop's fables are ______ in that they have an underlying moral or social message.

Often, an __________ uses something familiar to explain something unfamiliar or complex. For example when Rankine says, "I was imagining winning as a free space, one where unconscious racist shenanigans of umpires, or the narratives about her body, her 'unnatural' power, her perceived crassness no longer mattered."

Replace the underlined portion with the answer choice that results in a sentence that is clear, precise, and meets the requirements of standard written English. One of the answer choices reproduces the underlined portion as it is written in the sentence.

Most books printed before the nineteenth century, even ones that have been carefully preserved, contain materials that cause it to decay.