The belief in the superiority of white peoples, and the responsibility that had to civilize the non-white/non-civilized peoples of the world; a poem by Rudyard Kipling about the Philippine-American War.

Tried to enlarge Prussian army, then appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister; became Kaiser Wilhelm the leader of a unified Germany in 1871.

Book by Marx and Engels--An attempt to explain the goals of Communism, as well as the theory underlying this movement. It argues that class struggles, or the exploitation of one class by another, are the motivating force behind all historical developments.

A group that served as an umbrella organization for working class interests among different countries.

Period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The period featured an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions.

Critique of Political Economy by Karl Marx is a foundational theoretical text in materialist philosophy, economics and politics.

A series of wars between the Dutch settlers in Africa, known as Boers, and the British over control of parts of South Africa; eventually won by the British at a very high cost.

43. In the context of colonialism and imperialism, the belief that in the struggle between nations, the fit are victorious and survive.

42. Philosopher, economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, journalist and revolutionary socialist.

Leader of France who became an authoritarian monarch and returned France to an empire, demonstrated how authoritarian governments could use liberal and nationalistic forces to bolster their own power.

Prime minister, then Chancellor of a unified Germany. His masterful diplomacy skills were based on the idea of "Realpolitik."

A theory in which class struggle is a central element in the analysis of social change in Western societies." The antithesis of capitalism, which is seen as exploitive.

Also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.

The word realism was coined to describe one of his paintings. His painting "Stonebreakers" showed a life-like portrayal of daily activities.

Russian leader who came to power during the Crimean War, who tried to overhaul the Russian system; emancipated the serfs in 1861.

The raw materials and means of labour (tools, machines, etc) employed in the production process.

Brought on by Napoleon III to revamp the architecture of medieval Paris; modernized the city with broad boulevards, spacious buildings, circular plazas, public squares, and underground sewage.

King of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909 and became known for the founding and brutal exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture.

(1866), war between Prussia on the one side and Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, and certain minor German states on the other. It ended in a Prussian victory, which meant the exclusion of Austria from Germany.

A hallmark of the Second IR, precision tools allowed the creation of like pieces that could be put together on an assembly line.

Philosophical system developed by August Comte that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof, and that therefore rejects metaphysics and theism.

Victorian novelist whose works focused on the reality of middle and lower class life--Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities and Great Expectations.

1870-1871 conflict in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France. The war marked the end of French hegemony in continental Europe and resulted in the creation of a unified Germany.

Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was an event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868; adoption of Western industrialism and political and economic organization.