verbal group; shows tense; i.e. was listening; clause

verbal group; does not show tense; listening; i.e. phrase

stretch of language entered around a verb

part in nominal group that comes after noun

Expresses whether an event is complete or continuing.

Example: I have studied for my grammar test.

Occurs before a main verb and qualify the meaning of the main verb.

Example: We should have left earlier.

It normally consists of a verb phrase plus other elements (subject, object, predicative, adverbial). Example: A mean dog ate my homework.

As a main verb, "be" links the subject with(1) a subject predicative or(2) an obligatory adverbial (time or space).

Example: (1) The dog was cute.(2) The dog was in the yard.

Receives the action of the verb.

Example: I gave the dog a bone.

This must be used at the end of a sentence

Who is going to read the text?

Brief stories - sometimes personal - to illustrate a point

Deliberate use of language by a writer to instill a feeling or visual.e.g. The animals' pain and

something that has already been said or written. e.g. "The hotel was dull, dull, dull"

A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected from the audience (or the author answers the question themselves late in the text)e.g. How did it come to this?

She is the worst person alive!" "This new treatment is revolutionary!"

part of the clause that tells us circumstances like when, where, how, etc. She got a divorce..because of their subsequent affair.

Signals the start of a new idea or topic

What is the text? A letter, email, web page, article