An electronic calculator is a small, portable electronic device used to perform both arithmetic operations and complex mathematical operations.

The first solid electronic calculator was created in the 1960s, building on the extensive history of tools such as the abacus (developed around 2000 BC), and the mechanical calculator (developed in the 17^th century AD). It was developed in parallel with the analog computers of the day.

In addition to general purpose of calculators, there are those designed for specific markets, for example, there are scientific calculators which include trigonometric and statistical calculations. Some calculators even have the ability to do computer algebra. Graphing calculators can be used to graph functions defined on the real line, or higher dimensional Euclidean space.

When does the mechanical calculator developed?

An electronic calculator is a small, portable electronic device used to perform both arithmetic operations and complex mathematical operations.

The first solid electronic calculator was created in the 1960s, building on the extensive history of tools such as the abacus (developed around 2000 BC), and the mechanical calculator (developed in the 17^th century AD). It was developed in parallel with the analog computers of the day.

In addition to general purpose of calculators, there are those designed for specific markets, for example, there are scientific calculators which include trigonometric and statistical calculations. Some calculators even have the ability to do computer algebra. Graphing calculators can be used to graph functions defined on the real line, or higher dimensional Euclidean space.

What is the meaning of “extensive” in the second paragraph?

An electronic calculator is a small, portable electronic device used to perform both arithmetic operations and complex mathematical operations.

The first solid electronic calculator was created in the 1960 s, building on the extensive history of tools such as the abacus (developed around 2000 BC), and the mechanical calculator (developed in the 17^th century AD). It was developed in parallel with the analog computers of the day.

In addition to general purpose of calculators, there are those designed for specific markets, for example, there are scientific calculators which include trigonometric and statistical calculations. Some calculators even have the ability to do computer algebra. Graphing calculators can be used to graph functions defined on the real line, or higher dimensional Euclidean space.

It was developed in parallel with the analog computers of the day. The underlined word refers to ...

An electronic calculator is a small, portable electronic device used to perform both arithmetic operations and complex mathematical operations.

The first solid electronic calculator was created in the 1960s, building on the extensive history of tools such as the abacus (developed around 2000 BC), and the mechanical calculator (developed in the 17^th century AD). It was developed in parallel with the analog computers of the day.

In addition to general purpose of calculators, there are those designed for specific markets, for example, there are scientific calculators which include trigonometric and statistical calculations. Some calculators even have the ability to do computer algebra. Graphing calculators can be used to graph functions defined on the real line, or higher dimensional Euclidean space.

What is the main idea of paragraph 3?

The sugar glider is a marsupial, just like the many other Australian animals – the kangaroo, the koala and the wombat for instance. The sugar glider is a possum – very similar to the tupai in Indonesia. It basically lives in trees. It eats leaves and fruit. However, the Australian sugar glider has a very special skill. It can jump from tree to tree like a tupai but it can also `sort of fly’ as well. In fact, it glides or terbang layang in Bahasa Indonesia. When it jumps from one tree to another it spreads its four legs out wide; and its extra skin also spreads out and functions like a parachute.

1. What does the text tell us about?…

The largest meat-eating animal in the world is the brown bear that lives in Alaska. “Brownie”, as this bear is called, will always keep away from people. But, be careful if it is wounded with a gun or the mother bear and her cubs are shocked. Some hunters claim the brown bear can outfight a tiger.

A grown brownie may be up to nine feet tall. It may weigh over 1,600 pounds. But home when the brown bear is born, it weighs less than one pound. If you grew at the same rate, you would weigh almost 10,000 pounds when you were fully grown!

What does the text mostly tell about?

Jasmine is a native flower to some tropical areas in South Asia, Africa and Australia. In India, some varieties of Jasmine are used for religious purposes.

The flower can grow up to 3 meters high and 2 meters wide. It releases its fragrance mostly after the sun sets especially nearing the full moon. Therefore, it is often associated with soothing night- time moods.

The planting of Jasmine is started by putting some cuttings in 3 inch posts within 4 weeks. After the roots grow, they are put into 6 inch pots. The soil in the pots should be kept moist but possible for the water to go through it for optimum growth.

There are some important advantages of Jasmine. In medication, this flower is often used for soothing headaches, stimulating brain, and restoring balance. Its extract is also widely used in the making of perfume.

 What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

Jellyfish are not really fish. They are invertebrate animals. This means that unlike fish or people, they have no backbones. In fact, they have no bones at all.

Jellyfish have stomachs and mouths, but no heads. They have nervous systems for sensing the world around them, but no brains. They are made almost entirely of water, which is why you can look through them.

Some jellyfish can glow in darkness by making their own light. The light is made by a chemical reaction inside the jellyfish. Scientists believe jellyfish glow for several reasons. For example, they may glow to scare away predators or to attract animals they like to eat.

Most jellyfish live in salt water, apart from a few types that live in fresh water. Jellyfish are found in oceans and seas all over the world. They live in warm, tropical seas and in icy waters near the North and South poles.

Based on the text, we know that ....

Ostrich is a large flightless bird native to Africa. It is distinctive in its appearance with a long neck and legs. It has the ability to run at maximum speed of about 70 km/h, the top land speed of any bird. The Ostrich is the largest living species of bird and lays the largest egg of any hying bird. The diet of the Ostrich mainly consist of plant, though it also eats insects. It lives in nomadic groups which consist of five to fifty birds. When threatened, the Ostrich will either hide itself by lying flat against the ground or run away. Moreover, it can attack the enemy with a kick from its Powerful legs.

Ostriches become sexually mature when they are 2 to 4 years old. Females mature about six months earlier than males. The mating begins in March or April and ends before September.

What is the main idea of the second paragraph?

Ant is an insect. There are more than 12.000 species of ants all over the world. An ant is tiny insect but it can lift 20 boles Its own body weight.

There are three kinds of ants in a colony, the queen, the female workers don't have wings. The queen is the only ant that can lay eggs. The male ants' job Is to male with future queen ants and they do not live long afterward. Once the queen grows to adulthood, she spends the rest of her life laying eggs. A colony may have a queen or many queens depend on the species.

Ant colony has soldiers that protect the queen, defend the colony, gather food, and attack the enemy colonies. If they are able to defeat their enemy, they will take away their eggs. When these eggs hatch, the next ants will become slaves.

How do the soldier ants treat defeated enemy?

Some jellyfish can glow in darkness by making their own light. The light is made by a chemical reaction inside the jellyfish. Scientists believe jellyfish glow for several reasons. For example, they may glow to scare away predators or to attract animals they like to eat.

The word “glow” in the sentence means …

A storm is a disturbance of the ordinary conditions of the atmosphere accompanied by wind, rain, snow, sleet, hail (frozen rain), or thunder and lighting.

The underlined word means ....

The polar bear is a bear native to the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas. An adult male weighs about four hundred to six hundred and eighty kilograms, while an adult female is about half that size. Although it is closely related to the brown bear, it has paws to occupy a narrow ecological niche with many bony characteristics adapted to for cold temperatures, for moving across the snow, ice, open water, and for hunting seals which make up most of its diets. Although most of polar bears are born on land, it spends most of its time at sea, hence its name meaning maritime bear and can hunt consistently only from sea ice. It spends much of the year on frozen sea.

What does the adult male bear weigh?

The polar bear is a bear native to the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas. An adult male weighs about four hundred to six hundred and eighty kilograms, while an adult female is about half that size. Although it is closely related to the brown bear, it has paws to occupy a narrow ecological niche with many bony characteristics adapted to for cold temperatures, for moving across the snow, ice, open water, and for hunting seals which make up most of its diets. Although most of polar bears are born on land, it spends most of its time at sea, hence its name meaning maritime bear and can hunt consistently only from sea ice. It spends much of the year on frozen sea.

Where did the animal live?

Snakes are reptiles (cold-blooded creatures). They belong to the same group as lizards (the scaled group, Squamata) but from a sub-group of their own (Serpentes).

Snakes have two legs but a long time ago they had claws to help them slither along. Snakes are not slimy. They are covered in scales which are just bumps on the skin. Their skin is hard and glossy to reduce friction as the snake slithers along the ground.

Snakes often sun bathe on rocks in the warm weather. This is because snakes are cold-blooded; they need the sun’s warmth to heat their bodies up.

Most snakes live in the country. Some types of snakes live in tress, some live in water, but most live on the ground in deserted rabbit burrows, in thick, long grass and in old logs.

A snake’s diet usually consists of frogs, lizard, and mice and other snakes. The Anaconda can eat small crocodiles and even bears. Many snakes protect themselves with their fangs. Some snakes are protected by scaring their enemies away like the Cobra. The flying snakes glide away from danger. Their ribs spread apart and the skin stretches out. Its technique is just like the sugar gliders.

Since the snakes are cold-blooded, they…

An elephant is the largest and strongest animals. It is a strange looking animal with its thick legs, huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks and above all it has a long nose, the trunk.

The trunk is elephant’s peculiar feature, and it has various uses. The elephant draws up water by its trunk and can squirt it all over its body like a shower bath. It can also lift leaves and puts them into its mouth. In fact the trunk serves the elephant as a long arm and hand. An elephant looks very clumsy and heavy and yet it can move very quickly.

The elephant is a very intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great strength make it a very useful servant to man and it can be trained to serve in many ways such as carry heavy loads, hunt for tigers and even fight.

The third paragraph is mainly about the fact that ....

An elephant is the largest and strongest animals. It is a strange looking animal with its thick legs, huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks and above all it has a long nose, the trunk.

The trunk is elephant’s peculiar feature, and it has various uses. The elephant draws up water by its trunk and can squirt it all over its body like a shower bath. It can also lift leaves and puts them into its mouth. In fact the trunk serves the elephant as a long arm and hand. An elephant looks very clumsy and heavy and yet it can move very quickly.

The elephant is a very intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great strength make it a very useful servant to man and it can be trained to serve in many ways such as carry heavy loads, hunt for tigers and even fight.

It is stated in the text that the elephant uses the trunk to do the following, EXCEPT ....

Birds belong to a class of warm blooded vertebrate animals with feather covered bodies. Next to the mammals, birds are the most important group of land-living vertebrates. All birds have feathers, although in some types, particularly those that can not fly, the normal structure of the feathers may be much modified and be downy, woolly, or straw like. The forelimbs of birds are modified into wings. The bony part of the tail, except in the very earliest fossil birds, is very short, and the visible tail is composed of feathers only. The teeth are absent except in some fossil forms. As in mammals-the only other group of warm blooded animal-the circulation is highly perfected so that there is no mixing of arterial and venous blood, but the arrangement of veins and arteries by which this is accomplished, is different in the two groups. Birds have keen hearing, although they have no external ears. The sense of sight also is very keen, but the sense of smell is weak or lacking, except in a small few vultures and other birds.

Which of the following is NOT possessed by bird?