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WorksheetsUnit5_How drugs are studied
Total questions: 20
Worksheet time: 10mins
It takes years and sometimes decades, for a drug to move from the theoretical stage to the pharmacy shelf.
What does "theoretical" mean?
to improve
a small part
the period between two times or events
abstract; based on theory
It takes years and sometimes decades, for a drug to move from the theoretical stage to the pharmacy shelf. Of the thousands of drugs under investigation at any one time, only a small fraction will produce the desired result without unacceptable side effects.
What does "investigation" mean?
material
long-lasting
a small part
a study
It takes years and sometimes decades, for a drug to move from the theoretical stage to the pharmacy shelf. Of the thousands of drugs under investigation at any one time, only a small fraction will produce the desired result without unacceptable side effects.
What does "fraction" mean?
result
the period between two times or events
a study
a small part
First, scientists target a step in the disease process where they believe a drug can have an effect.
What does "target" mean?
to focus on
to fight against
to determine; find out
to watch; observe
Then they manufacture compounds or take them from organisms such as viruses and fungi and test them in laboratory cultures. Once scientists isolate a chemical that produces a desirable effect, they analyze its structure and alter it as necessary to enhance the outcome.
What does "manufacture" mean?
to believe; judge
to take in
to lessen, ease
to produce
Then they manufacture compounds or take them from organisms such as viruses and fungi and test them in laboratory cultures.
What does "culture" mean?
the growing of organic materials in a laboratory setting
the period between two times or events
material
abstract; based on theory
Once scientists isolate a chemical that produces a desirable effect, they analyze its structure and alter it as necessary to enhance the outcome.
What does "desirable" mean?
to believe; judge
to happen or occur again
long-lasting
wanted; worth having
Once scientists isolate a chemical that produces a desirable effect, they analyze its structure and alter it as necessary to enhance the outcome.
What does "enhance" mean?
to focus on
to take in
to produce
to improve
Scientists look at how much drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, how it distributes to different organs, how quickly it is excreted or leaves the body, and whether it has any toxic effects or by-products.
What does "obsorb" mean?
to fight against
to determine; find out
to watch; observe
to take in
Scientists look at how much drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, how it distributes to different organs, how quickly it is excreted or leaves the body, and whether it has any toxic effects or by-products.
What does "toxic" mean?
long-lasting
poisonous
material
wanted; worth having
If a chemical passes laboratory and animal testing and is deemed appropriate to analyze in human volunteers, it is ready for clinical trials.
What does "deem" mean?
to determine; find out
to focus on
to watch; observe
to believe; judge
Researchers follow a protocol that describes who may participate in the study, tests and procedures to follow, the length of the study, and out-comes to be measured.
What does "outcome" mean?
result
a small part
a study
material
Drug trials may focus on treating a disease, preventing a disease from occurring or recurring, or enhancing the quality of life for people living with incurable, chronic conditions.
What does "recur" mean?
to take in
to believe; judge
to determine; find out
to happen or occur again
Drug trials may focus on treating a disease, preventing a disease from occurring or recurring, or enhancing the quality of life for people living with incurable, chronic conditions.
What does "chronic" mean?
to lessen, ease
poisonous
long-lasting
wanted; worth having
Phase I clinical trials test a drug in small groups of healthy volunteers (fewer than 100) to ascertain its safety and the appropriate dose range.
What does "ascertain" mean?
to watch; observe
to happen or occur again
to fight against
to determine; find out
Phase II clinical trials test several hundred volunteers to determine how effectively the drug combats the disease being studied.
What does "combat" mean?
to watch; observe
to fight against
to determine; find out
to happen or occur again
Phase III trials test thousands of volunteers for several years, with researchers closely monitoring study participants at regular intervals.
What does "monitor" mean?
to fight against
to watch; observe
to happen or occur again
to determine; find out
Phase III trials test thousands of volunteers for several years, with researchers closely monitoring study participants at regular intervals.
What does "interval" mean?
a small part
result
the growing of organic materials in a laboratory setting
the period between two times or events
These studies typically compare the drug under investigation with a control: either a drug known to cure or alleviate a specific disease or if one does not exist, a substance that has no medicinal effects, known as a placebo.
What does "alleviate" mean?
to focus on
to lessen, ease
to take in
to believe; judge
These studies typically compare the drug under investigation with a control: either a drug known to cure or alleviate a specific disease or if one does not exist, a substance that has no medicinal effects, known as a placebo.
What does "substance" mean?
a small part
material
a study
result
