Tall grasses that grow in large groups (usually in shallow, marshy ground)-- they have strong, hollow stems and the Egyptians used them for making things such as sleeping mats, sandals, hats, or baskets

A long, narrow sailing vessel (used along the Nile) that's swift-moving and propelled forward by lateen (triangle-shaped) sails

A type of paper that Egyptians would make by weaving and pounding together reeds from the river "marsh grass"

(lighter and easier to transport than stone tablets)

The northernmost region of Egypt, consisting of the fertile Nile River delta and its surrounding land

(remember: it's opposite of what you would expect--- it's based on the direction the Nile River flows)

The largest desert in the world, located in North Africa--- with frequent droughts (long periods of time with little to no rainfall or other precipitation)

A device used in ancient Egypt for raising and lowering water--> uses a long, suspended rod with a bucket on one end and counterweight on the other end

An adjective that's used to describe a very dry area (like a desert), that doesn't receive a lot of natural rainfall

A roll of parchment paper (or papyrus paper)--- used in ancient times for writing important documents ("early books")

To severely (heavily) flood an area with no means to stop the flow of water--- an unpredictable flood

Pockets (areas) of fertile/green land--- usually found scattered around grasslands and deserts

(there is usually an underground spring/well that naturally supplies it with water)

A rock dam that crosses the Nile River at Aswan, Egypt (completed in 1970)--- helps to prevent further flooding of the Nile and "tames the river"

Shallow sections of the Nile River which often have: whitewater rapids, small boulders/other rocky areas, and sudden "drop-offs"

A sea-level waterway in modern-day Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea (completed in 1869)

**Creates a faster water route for ships--- so they no longer need to sail all the way around Africa to get to the other side**

A family of rulers that are in power--- the period of time when a country is led by members of the same "elite" family

A civil officer who acts as the chief advisor to the king/pharaoh

(the pharaoh's "right-hand man")

The photographic (picture-based) writing system, used in ancient Egypt

(where each picture represents an idea, word, or concept)

An oval-shaped shield/carving, written in Egyptian hieroglyphs, that expresses an inscription/design/name of a royal person OR a divine being (like a god)

**An Egyptian "nametag" **

The ancient, everday language of the Egyptians---shorter and easier to use and learn

(2 answers)

Official orders that are issued by a ruler or other type of person in authority

(3 answers)

--The exercise of sovereign (independent and supreme) power by a monarch (king) or chief of state

--The period of time during which a monarch (a king/queen) rules or dominates

An ancient stone tablet, discovered in 1799, which made it possible for historians to translate/decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs for the first time

The rulers of ancient Egypt, who often ruled as part of a family dynasty

**Considered to be the ultimate authority and "god-like"

To forcibly overthrow a government or a monarch (king/queen) from power

(2 answers)

Government workers and administrators (having to do with the administration of/carrying out of official government duties)

The sequence/order of individuals who are entitled to hold public office/be in power for the next generation

To officially bring together/join together different regions, states, political districts, or countries as one unit

A person who is temporarily appointed (chosen) to administer a country/government

** Usually because the hereditary ruler is either still a minor (not yet an adult) or they become incapacitated (disabled/handicapped in some way and no longer able to rule effectively)**

Done in ancient Egypt to preserve a dead corpse (dead body) from decay--- originally done using spices, salts, and oils

**Nowadays, this is done using artificial preservatives**

A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God (or various gods/goddesses)

**Where the government and the official religion rule together**

To preserve a dead body by wrapping it in linen cloth strips, after first removing the organs, drying it out with salts, and embalming it with special oils

**Done in order to preserve the body/soul for the afterlife**

A parade--usually held as part of a ceremony or religious festival

Specially decorated Egyptian urns (pots) used to hold & preserve the internal organs that have been removed from a deceased person while it was being mummified

Large stone structures with triangular sides and a square base--- used as tombs for the pharaohs/rulers of ancient Egypt

A stone coffin that holds a mummy

(typically carved with pictures/inscriptions of that person's life)

Special salts and oils used by the Egyptians for "drying out" a dead body--- before mummifying it

Life after death--- the Egyptians placed huge emphasis/importance on this concept and preparing for this

(2 answers)

A large statue in Giza, Egypt--- depicts (shows) a mythological creature that has the body of a lion and a human head

**One of the most recognizable of ancient Egyptian statues**

A grave, vault, or chamber that was used as a burial site for the dead

(usually sealed up after burial)

A cavern (or pit) where stones are dug from the Earth and separated from larger blocks of rock

(where the Egyptians got the large stones for their pyramids)

A piece of fine material (usually worn by women) in order to protect and conceal their face--- common today in Middle Eastern countries

(2 answers)

A tall, 4-sided shaft of stone that rises towards a pyramid-shaped apex (top), found throughout ancient Egypt

hint: also the Washington Monument

3 large pyramids (and several smaller pyramids) which have become the defining symbol of Egypt (the Pyramids of Giza) was built for the Pharaoh ______________ and his ruling family

**The last remaining structure of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World **

Special charms/ornaments/jewelry, worn by the ancient Egyptians, that was thought to provide protection against evil/danger/disease

--To keep something protected (or in continued existence)

--To keep the deceased (dead) person long-lasting for the afterlife

--Why the Egyptians used mummification

A narrow valley (located on the west bank of the Nile River) which is the site of numerous pyramids/tombs of ancient Egyptian pyramids

An ancient Egyptian funeral text which contained prayers, hymns (spiritual songs), incantations (magic spells), and other formulas to govern the behavior of the soul in the afterlife

** "THE EGYPTIAN BIBLE" **

A length of cloth that's like a garment/robe that a dead person would be wrapped in before burial

A collection of myths (stories) of a particular culture--- which explains their history, ancestors, genesis (origins/beginnings), deities (gods), and heroes

The "all-seeing eye"--> an ancient Egyptian symbol of protection, royal power, and good health was created for the god ____________ (son of the sun god, Osiris and the goddess, Isis)

**A sky god that takes the form of a falcon**

Wood that's used for construction and the building of other items, such as furniture and boats (especially in ancient Egypt)

**2 answers

Official religious ceremonies/customs--performed as part of a formal religion (usually consists of a series of actions/chants that are performed in a fixed, sequential order)

Aromatic (fragrant) spices and resins that produce a pleasant odor when burned

**Was often used in religious ceremonies

**Part of early Egyptian and African trade items**

The Egyptian god of the dead and the underworld

(the god of the afterlife and resurrection--coming back to life)

** He may have had GREEN "alien" skin!! OMG!**

Tall pine trees that have fragrant (sweet-smelling) and durable (strong) wood--- this was the main trade item from the Phoenicians to the Egyptians

(since Egypt did not have many naturally-growing trees to use for lumber & construction)

A hard, smooth, yellowish-white substance that came from the teeth and tusks of certain mammals (such as walruses and elephants) in Africa

** This was highly valued in the ancient world and used as a trade item**

The Egyptian god of writing, art, magic, wisdom, and the lunar (moon) phases--- symbolized by the crescent shape of the moon

** Has the head of an ibis bird**

Ancient musical, stringed instruments that resemble a harp (played by plucking the strings with your fingers)

--Often used in ancient religious ceremonies and songs--

To deeply respect and honor something or someone--- usually used to describe the worship of the sacred or divine (the gods)

Thread made from the fibers of the flax plant--- the cloth that was woven from this plant became part of early Egyptian trade items, clothing, and used to "wrap mummies"

The Egyptian goddess of fertility, childbirth, and family

--Wife and sister of the god, Osiris and considered to be the "spiritual mother" of all Egyptian pharaohs

The Egyptian sun god---worshiped more than any of the other gods

--The pharaohs often associated themselves with this god in order to be seen as more "divine rulers"

What is another name for a god/goddess?

A grouping of gods/goddesses is called:

The Egyptian's referred to a person's soul as their...

The Egyptians referred to their land as ______________: which means "Black Land", referring to the rich/dark soil around the Nile River

The Egyptian concept of truth, balance, and divine order to all things

Smaller pyramids and burial tombs that were usually constructed for the pharaoh's family members and other important people in the royal household