95 % of French population; paid all the taxes

Formed during Reign of TerrorRole of protecting the newly established republic against foreign attacks and internal rebellion

Part of Committee of Public Safety; leader in Reign of Terror

Period of violence; People who seemed against the revolution were executed

A list of grievances drawn up by each of the three EstatesForced people to think of the problems that France faced

Outmaneuvered by Duke of WellingtonNapolean was defeatedThe defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French and marked the end of his Hundred Days return from exile.

Third government of French revolution;Created Committee of Public Safety

Collection of laws that standardized French law under Napoleon

1803-1815Series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon

Common people of the lower classes who were radicalsPolitical ideals include: social equality, economic equality, and popular democracy

Clergy; 130,000 people; Exempt from Taxes

Nobility, 350,000 People; Held many leadership positions

Class of merchants and artisans who were in the third Estate (middle class0

Attempts to overthrow the government

In response to Reign of Terror , members of the Committee of Public Safety turn on Robespierre and send him to the guillotine

Wife of Louis XVI; was executed in 1793 for treason

King of France during the French Revolution, was executed in 1793 for treason, (trying to flee the country which led the people to see him as a traitor)

French general who became emperor of the French during conservative phase (1769 - 1821)

The social structure of the old regime of France that formed a representative assembly (French congress)

July 14th, 1789 Prison in Paris that was symbol of royal power;

famous oath made by on a tennis court by the Third Estate in pre-revolutionary France

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. Based on Declaration of Independence and ideas of Enlightenment

was director of the French treasury before the revolution, Necker attempted to reform the country’s finances, although he also tried to finance France's participation in the American Revolution through heavy borrowing, while trying to conceal the country's huge deficit. Later, his calls for reform were thwarted by Louis XVI

a group or clique within a larger group that has different ideas and opinions than the rest of the group

a French noble, fought alongside the Americans in the Revolutionary War. Upon his return to France, Lafayette led the call for reform and in 1789 presented a draft of the Declaration of the Rights of Man to the National Assembly. He was hated by some for his moderate stance, and fled to Austria, but later returned.

author of the Declaration of the Rights of Women, railed against the treatment of women in France, addressing her concerns directly to Marie Antoinette.

Wrote the Declaration of Independence, 3rd President of USA; bought Louisiana from Napoleon

Revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate when they began to meet on their own

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent. Belief that the US was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-nineteenth-century expansionism.

Prince Metternich purposed this, Also as known as Vienna System, Was a system of dispute resolution adopted by the major conservative powers of Europe Wanted to maintain their power, oppose revolutionary movements, weaken the forces of nationalism, and uphold the balance of power.

No country is powerful enough to conquer the others

is the belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to a king or empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history

Austrian ruler and leader of the Congress of Vienna; proposed balance of power

-elected president of France-became emperor of France, helps Italy achieve unification

(1815-1898) German prime minister who intentionally provoked three wars to provide the people with a sense of nationalism.

Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia and architect of Italian unification

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

German empire

A political nationalist in Italy in the mid 1800's. He started a group called Young Italy that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state.

German emperor

Group of Italian patriots dedicated to spreading ideas of nationalism.

Student political groups that formed at German Universities beginning around 1815. These groups were expressions of German nationalism.

Failed German unification attempt.

Also known as the Seven Weeks' War. This war was between Austria and Prussia, with Italy helping Prussia. It was over control of the German Confederation. Prussia won, and created the North German Confederation, of which Austria was not a part, and Italy received Venetia.

Association of German states established at the Congress of Vienna that replaced the Holy Roman Empire from 1815 to 1866

The name of the free trade zone that German states created prior to their unification.

strongly conservative members of Prussia's wealthy landowning class

In Latin America, Spanish people born in the Americas, Descendants of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status. In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Spaniards born in Latin America

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Which of the following is NOT one of the main causes of Latin American Revolutions

Led revolts for Argentina and worked with Bolivar to free Peru from Spanish rule, Founder of the Freedom of Peru, Founder of the Republic, Protector of Peru

Priest who began the revolt against Spanish rule in Mexico

Venezuelan statesman: leader of the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. Liberated Gran Colombia, Wanted independence

Haitian patriot and leader of the Haitian Revolution slave rebellion, Wanted a nation where all men were equal, Laid the groundwork of Haiti.

was a French colony on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1804.Haitian Revolution was established there.

favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution- liberty, equality and brotherhood.

mostly middle- class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only allow the educated and landowners (i.e people like them) to vote.

usually wealthy property owners and nobility. They argue for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe.

Leader of the "Red Shirts" united Southern Italy and then turned it over to Victor Emmanuel

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent. Belief that the US was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-nineteenth-century expansionism.

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free