a mass of metal cast into a convenient shape for storage or transportation before further processing.

a piece of metal ready to be drawn, pressed, or maintained into a finished object.

a bar of steel reduced from an ingot to dimensions suitable for further rolling.

a mill for rolling ingots into blooms

a narrow, generally square, bar of steel, forged or hot-rolled from an ingot or bloom.

an oxide occurring in a scaly form on the surface of metal when brought to a high temperature.

a loose coating of iron oxide that forms an iron or steel during hot-rolling.

the controlled heating and cooling of a metal to develop certain desirable physical or mechanical properties.

to remove internal stress from metal or glass by heating to a temperature below that of recrystallization and then gradually cooling in a liquid or air, esp. to make the material more ductile.

to rapidly cool a heated metal by immersion in water, esp. to increase its hardness.

to strengthen or toughen a metal by reheating at a lower temperature and slowly cooling the material.

the tempering of a metal at a temperature high enough to relieve residual stresses, followed by slow, uniform cooling.

microscopic stress in a metal resulting from nonuniform thermal changes, plastic deformation, or other causes aside from external forces or applications of heat.

to make the outside surface of an iron-based alloy hard by carburization and heat treatment, leaving the interior tough and ductile.

to roll metal at a heat high enough to permit recrystallization

the dark, oxidized, relatively rough finish obtained by rolling metal while hot.

the process or product of forcing molten metal into a metallic mold under hydraulic pressure to give it a particular shape or form.

the process or product of forming a material into a particular shape by pouring it into a mold in a fluid state and letting it harden.

a hollow form or matrix for giving a particular shape to something in a molten or plastic state.

to form metal by heating and hammering.

to roll metal at a temperature below that at which recrystallization occurs, so as to increase its tensile strength or improve its surface finish.

the striated finish that cold rolling or extrusion imparts to a metal surface.

the process or product of forming a metal or plastic with a desired cross section by forcing it through a die with a pressure ram.

to draw metal through a set of dies to reduce its cross-sectional area without preheating, as in the fabrication of wire or tubing.

a smooth, bright finish produced by drawing metal through a die.

a steel block or plate having small conical holes through which metal or plastics is extruded or drawn for shaping.

the working of a metal at a temperature high enough to permit recrystallization

to acquire a new granular structure with new crystals because of plastic deformation, as when after being heated.

the working of metal below the temperature at which recrystallization occurs, as in drawing, pressing, or stamping.