the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures; energy is always transferred from higher-temperature objects to lower-temperature objects until thermal equilibrium is reached

a measure of how hot (or cold) something is

an instrument that measures and indicates temperature

the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations; can result in the transfer of energy as heat

any movement of matter that results from differences in density; may be vertical, circular, or cyclical

the energy that is transferred as electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and infrared waves

the quantity of heat required to raise a unit mass of homogeneous material 1 K or 1 ºC in a specified way given constant pressure and volume

the transfer of energy as heat through a material

a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system

a machine that transforms heat into mechanical energy, or work