Base + condition, an increase in the blood's alkalinity, resulting from the accumulation of alkali or reduction of acid content; the blood's pH is higher

Anode + ion negatively charged ions

Cathode + ions, positively charged ions

A condition that reduces the kidneys' ability to function properly

A series of tubules in the kidneys that connect the nephrons to the ureter

The fluid into which material passes by way of the membrane in dialysis

The passage of a solute through a semipermeable membrane to remove toxic materials and to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and pH levels when the kidneys malfunction

An agent that increases urine output and excretion of water

An excess of watery fluid in the cavities or tissues of the body

Red + create + proteins, a hormone that kidneys secrete that increases the rate of red blood cell production

Small, narrow spaces between tissues

Atoms or molecules with a net electrical charge (positive or negative)

Stone + rubbing, a treatment with ultrasound shock waves to break kidney stones into small particles

Urination

The filtering unit of the kidneys

An infection that originates in the hospital or institutional setting

Push + condition, the diffusion of water from low-solute concentrations to higher solute concentrations across a semipermeable membrane

Peritoneum + inflammation, an inflammation of the peritoneum, typically caused by a bacterial infection

The colorless fluid portion of the blood

One of the pair of arteries that branch from the abdominal aorta; each kidney has on renal artery

The vein in which filtered blood from the kidneys is sent back into the body's circulatory system; each kidney has one renal vein

An enzyme secreted by and stored in the kidneys that promotes the production of the protein angiotensin

Involuntary emission of urine when the pressure in the abdomen suddenly increases

The conservation of protein, glucose, bicarbonate, and water from the glomerular filtrate by the tubules

A function of the nephron in which ions, toxins, and water are secreted into the collecting duct to be excreted

Ureter + viewing, an examination of the upper urinary tract, usually performed with an endoscope passed through the urethra

Urethra + inflammation, an inflammation of the urethra

Urinary incontinence because of involuntary bladder contractions that result in an urgent need to urinate

The conversion of urine to a more acidic content

Urinary + stone + condition, solid mineral deposits that form stones in the urinary tract

The urinary system cleans waste by filtering the body's __________.

Which of the following are functions of the kidneys? (Select all that apply.)

Which region of the kidney contains renal pyramids, which hold thousands of nephrons?

What occurs during secretions?

Urine is primarily made up of:

How do the kidneys communicate with the nervous system?

How often is urine emptied into the bladder from the kidneys?

How much urine can an adult bladder hold?

Which fluids does the urethra carry outside the body for males?

No urine output

Blood in the urine

Painful urination

Sugar in the urine

Urination at night

Which of the following are types of renal failure? (Select all that apply.)

A renal calculus forms when __________ and ___________ clump together.

Cystitis most commonly occurs due to:

Nephritis is commonly found during routine:

What drugs are classified as loop diuretics? (Select all that apply)

What drugs are classified as osmotic diuretics? (Select all that apply)

What drugs are classified as potassium-sparing diuretics? (Select all that apply)

What drugs are classified as thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics? (Select all that apply)

What drugs are classified as agents to treat CKD and are hematopoietic agents? (Select all that apply)

What drugs are classified as agents to treat CKD and are Vitamin D analogs? (Select all that apply)

What drugs are classified as antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections? (Select all that apply)

What drugs are classified as agents to treat overactive bladder? (Select all that apply)

The kidneys are the major organs of the renal and urinary systems.

The kidneys maintain the chemical composition of ____________, ________, and ________ in the body.

Where are the kidneys inside of the body?

The ureters carry wastes removed from the blood to the bladder, which stores the waste for excretion as urine.

What is the normal urine output for an adult?

If electrolytes concentrations fall out of balance because the kidneys cannot filter appropriately, conditions such as metabolic hypertension and hypotension can develop.

________ is an excess of free hydrogen ions (H+) in the body fluids. ________ is the retention of bicarbonate (HCO3-) or excessive loss of hydrogen ions.

The functional unit of the kidney is the ________.

What do nephrons regulate in the body?

Each kidney contains millions of microscopic nephrons.

_______, mostly water, is the blood's liquid component.

As sodium ions exit the DCT, they are exchanged for calcium ions.

The loop of Henle has a different transport mechanism, called _______ _________.

Instead of ion exchange, there is a one-way uptake of sodium and chloride. These ions return to the circulatory system. Overall, the body resorbs most renal system sodium.

What is the pH of blood?

The second secretive function allows the kidney to regulate the blood pH through urinary acidification to a pH of 1 to 9.

As nephron takes in hydrogen ions, they combine with other molecules to produce _____________.

Bicarbonate enters the bloodstream as a _______, where it regulates the overall body pH to maintain homeostasis.

Buffers can bind hydrogen to create basic environments or release hydrogen for acidic environments, balancing blood pH.

______ can release hydrogen ions, whereas ______ can remove hydrogen ions by binding to them.

Tubules take up the extra potassium ions to excrete them.

Kidneys maintain homeostasis by balancing electrolyte levels.

Which of the following are cations: (Select all that apply)

Which of the following are anions: (Select all that apply)

______ are positively charged ions and ________ are negatively charged ions

What is the element abbreviation for Calcium?

What is the element abbreviation for Magnesium?

What is the element abbreviation for Potassium?

What is the element abbreviation for Sodium?

What is the element abbreviation for Bicarbonate?

What is the element abbreviation for Chloride?

What is the element abbreviation for Phosphate?

__________ is the progressive loss of renal function.

What are the most common causes of CKD in adults in the U.S.?

CKD potential causes include kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and vascular disorders.

Kidney function increases with age resulting in higher CKD incidence in older individuals.

Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR

Kidney damage with a mild decrease in GFR

Moderate decrease in GFR

Severe decrease in GFR

ESRD (End-stage Renal Disease)

________ ____________ is vital in CKD treatment.

Patients should limit the consumption of food high in phosphate (eg, colas) and dairy products (eg, milk cheese).

For patients with significant edema and/or hypertension, extra high sodium intake is important.

Restriction on what may help someone reduce their damage to their kidneys?

Dialysis compensates for the lack of kidney filtration to remove waste products from the blood and balance electrolytes and fluid volume.

The most common ESRD side effect is _______, for which we use iron and epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit).

Iron supplements decrease the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cell hemoglobin.

Generic name: ferrous sulfate (over-the-counter [OTC])

Trade name: None

Indication: Iron deficiency anemia

Mechanism of Action: ?

Auxiliary Labels: N/A

Generic name: epoetin alfa

Trade name: Epogen, Procrit

Indication: Anemia with hemoglobin less than 10 g/dL as a result of CKD

Mechanism of Action: ?

Auxiliary Labels: Refrigerate, Do not shake, Protect from light

Generic name: calcium carbonate (OTC)

Trade name: Tums

Indication: ?

Mechanism of Action: Binds to dietary phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract to inhibit its absorption, reducing phosphate levels

Auxiliary Labels: N/A

Generic name: calcium acetate (Rx)

Trade name: PhosLo

Indication: ?

Mechanism of Action: Binds to dietary phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract to inhibit its absorption, reducing phosphate levels

Auxiliary Labels: Protect from moisture, Take with meals

Generic name: sevelamer

Trade name: Renagel, Renvela

Indication: ?

Mechanism of Action: Binds to dietary phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract to inhibit its absorption, reducing phosphate levels

Auxiliary Labels: Protect from moisture, Take with meals

_______ ______ are small aggregation of material (usually calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts) that form in the kidney and/or urinary tract.

Hundreds of thousands of Americas experience a condition known as urolithiasis (kidney stones) annually.

Generic name: tolterodine

Trade name: Detrol, Detrol LA

Indication: ?

Mechanism of Action: Relaxes bladder smooth muscle

Auxiliary Labels: May cause; dizziness; Detrol LA: Do not crush, break, or chew

Generic name: oxybutynin

Trade name: ?

Indication: Overactive Bladder

Mechanism of Action: Relaxes bladder smooth muscle

Auxiliary Labels: May cause; dizziness/drowsiness; Ditropan XL: Do not crush, break, or chew; Transdermal patch or gel: For topical use only

Oxybutynin is available as a patch for convenience

Note, anticholinergics often cause side effects such as a dry mouth.

Anticholinergic medications can manage urge incontinence.

The most common incontinence nondrug treatment is pelvic muscle (Kegel) exercises.

Urge incontinence can come from decreased bladder capacity, infection, or irritation. Increased fluid intake including alcohol or caffeine ingestion, can increase the risk.

_____ _____________ = When a person coughs or sneezes, it can force the bladder to release a small amount of urine.

A common condition that affects millions of Americans is incontinence or overactive bladder (OAB), a loss of urinary control.

What would be the auxiliary label for any antibiotic?

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) is an OTC and prescription urinary analgesic to treat UTI pain.

One side effect is to turn urine an orange or reddish color for Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

Generic name: nitrofurantoin

Trade name: Macrobid; Macrodantin

Indication: UTI

Common Dosage: ?

Auxiliary Labels: Take until gone

What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the United States?

Dialysis is used to aid ____________ of the kidneys.

Nitrofurantoin is indicated for the treatment of which condition?

Which is an adverse effect of acetazolamide?

Which of the following is a common side effect associated with diuretics?

Which of the following is not an appropriate treatment for UTIs?

Which is an adverse effect of Aldactone (spironolactone)?

Allopurinol (Zyloprim) is indicated for the prevention of which condition?

Which is the generic name for Rocaltrol?

The kidneys are involved in the production of all of the following substances except