- prominence of bone located posterior and inferior to the TMJ

- part of the temporal bone

- panorex: appears as a rounded radiopacity located posterior and inferior to the TMJ

- AKA: External Acoustic Meatus

- a hole or opening in the temporal bone

- situated superior and anterior to mastoid process

- panorex: appears as a round to ovoid radiolucency anterior and superior to mastoid process

AKA: Mandibular Fossa

- concave, depressed area of temporal bone

- mandibular condyle rests in the glenoid fossa

- found anterior to mastoid process and external auditory meatus

Panorex: appears as a concave radiopaque structure superior to the mandibular condyle

AKA: Articular Tubercle

- rounded projection of temporal bone

- located anterior to glenoid fossa

- panorex: appears as a rounded radiopaque projection of bone situated anterior to glenoid fossa

- wing-shaped bony projection of sphenoid bone

- found distal to maxillary tuberosity area

- panorex: appears as a radiopaque projection of bone distal to maxillary tuberosity

- AKA:  ARTICULAR TUBERCLE

- Rounded projection of temporal bone

- Located anterior to glenoid fossa

- Panorex:  appears as a rounded radiopaque projection of bone situated anterior to glenoid fossa 

- A rounded prominence of bone extending posterior to third molar region

- Panorex:  appears as a radiopaque bulge distal to upper wisdom teeth 

- A hole or opening in bone 

- Located inferior to the border of the orbit

- Panorex:  appears as a round or ovoid radiolucency inferior to the orbit; may appear superimposed over the maxillary sinus

- A bony cavity containing the eyeball

- On most pans ONLY the inferior border of the orbit is visible and appears as a radiopaque line

- Panorex:  appears as a round radiolucent area with radiopaque borders located superior to the maxillary sinuses 

- AKA:  NASOPALATINE CANAL

- Passageway through bone 

- Extends from the superior foramina of incisive canal to the incisive foramen 

- Panorex:  appears as a tube-like radiolucent structure with radiopaque borders; the incisive canal is located between maxillary central incisors

•AKA:  NASOPALATINE FORAMEN

•An opening or hole in bone 

•Situated at the midline of the anterior portion of the hard palate posterior to the maxillary central incisors

•Panorex:  appears as a small ovoid or round radiolucency located between roots of maxillary central incisors 

- Sharp bony projection of the maxilla 

- Found at the anterior and inferior portion of the nasal cavity

- Panorex:  appears as a “V-shaped” radiopaque area located at the junction of the floor of the nasal cavity and the nasal septum  

- AKA:  NASAL FOSSA

- Pear-shaped compartment of bone 

- Found superior to the maxilla

- Panorex:  appears as a large radiolucent structure above the maxillary incisors

- A vertical bony wall or septum dividing the nasal cavity into the right and left nasal fossae

- Panorex:  appears as a vertical radiopaque partition which divides the nasal cavity

- A bony wall separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

- Panorex:  appears as a horizontal radiopaque band superior to the apices of the maxillary teeth

- Paired cavities or bone compartments 

- Located within the maxilla 

- Found above the maxillary premolar and molar teeth

- Panorex: appears as radiolucent areas located above the apices of the maxillary bicuspids and molars; the floor of the maxillary sinus is composed of dense cortical bone thus appearing as a radiopaque line

- A bony projection of the maxilla

- Articulates with the zygoma or malar (cheekbone)

- Panorex:  appears as a J or U-shaped radiopaque radiopaque structure located superior to maxillary first molar area 

- AKA:  MALAR OR ZYGOMATIC BONE

- Classified as the cheekbone

- Articulates with the zygomatic process of the maxilla

- Panorex: appears as a radiopaque band extending posteriorly from the zygomatic process of the maxilla

- AKA:  HAMULAR PROCESS

- A small hook-like projection of bone

- Extends from the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone

- Found posterior to the maxillary tuberosity area

- Panorex: appears as a radiopaque hook-like structure located posterior to the maxillary tuberosity region 

- Rounded projection of bone

- Extends from the posterior superior border of the ramus 

- Articulates with the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone

- Panorex: appears as a bony rounded radiopaque structure extending from the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible

- A scooped-out concavity of bone 

- Found distal to the coronoid process of the mandible

- Panorex: appears as a radiopaque concavity located distal to the coronoid process on the superior border of the ramus

- A bone prominence located on the anterior superior ramus of the mandible

- Panorex: appears as a triangular radiopacity posterior to the maxillary tuberosity area

- A rounded or ovoid hole in bone 

- Located on the lingual aspect of the ramus of the mandible

- Panorex: appears as a round or ovoid radiolucency centered within the ramus

- A small tongue-shaped projection of bone

- Found adjacent to the mandibular foramen

- Panorex: appears as an indistinct radiopaque structure anterior to the mandibular foramen

- A tube-like passageway through bone travelling the length of the mandible

- Extends from the mandibular foramen to the mental foramen

- Houses the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels

- Panorex: appears as a radiolucent band outlined by two thin radiopaque lines

- An opening or hole in bone

- Located on the external surface of the mandible in the premolar area

- Panorex:  appears as a small ovoid or round radiolucent structure evident in the apical region on the mandibular premolars

- A horseshoe-shaped bone

- Found at the base of the tongue below the thyroid cartilage

- Panorex: appears as a “U-shaped” radiopacity located inferior to the ramus of the mandible

- A linear prominence of cortical bone

- Situated on the external surface of the anterior portion of the mandible

- Extends from the premolar area to the midline

- Panorex: appears as a thick radiopaque structure extending from the mandibular premolar region to the incisor area

- A scooped-out depressed area of bone

- Located on the external surface of the anterior mandible

- Situated above the mental ridge in the mandibular incisor area

- Panorex: appears as a radiolucent area above the mental ridge 

- A tiny opening or hole in bone

- Found on the internal surface of the mandible near the midline

- Panorex: appears as a small radiolucent dot located inferior to the apices of the mandibular incisors

- Tiny bumps of bone located on the lingual aspect of the mandible

- Panorex: appears as a ring-shaped radiopacity surrounding the lingual foramen

- A linear prominence of cortical bone that defines the lower border of the mandible

- Panorex: appears as a dense radiopaqueband that outlines the lower border of the mandible

- A linear prominence of bone 

- Evident on the internal surface of the mandible 

-Extends from the molar region downward and forward toward the lower border of the mandibular symphysis

- Panorex: appears as a dense radiopaque structure extending downward and forward from the molar region  

- A linear prominence of bone

- Found on the internal surface of the mandible

- Extends downward and forward from the ramus 

- Panorex: appears as a radiopaque band that extends downward and forward from the ramus

- A linear prominence of bone

- Located on the external surface of the body of the mandible

- Panorex:  appears as a radiopaque band extending downward and forward from the anterior border of the ramus of the mandible

angle of the mandible:

Three air spaces on a panoramic radiograph are

- Space found between the palate and tongue

- Panorex: appears as a horizontal radiolucent band located above the apices of the maxillary teeth

- The portion of the pharynx  

- Located posterior to the nasal cavity

- Panorex: appears as a diagonal radiolucent structure located superior to the radiopaque shadow of the soft palate and uvula 

- The portion of the pharynx

- Found posterior to the tongue and oral cavity

Identify landmark #1

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- A mobile muscular organ 

- Evident on the floor of the oral cavity

- Panorex: appears as a radiopaque area superimposed over the maxillary posterior teeth

- A muscular curtain separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

- Panorex: appears as a diagonal radiopaque structure that projects posteriorly and inferiorly from the maxillary tuberostiy region

- It is formed by the position of the patient’s lips

- Panorex: evident in the anterior region; the area of the teeth not covered by the lips appear more radiolucent whereas the area of the teeth covered by the lips appear more radiopaque 

Panorex:  appears as a radiopaque shadow projecting anteriorly and inferiorly from the mastoid process; it is found superimposed over the styloid process

Identify landmark #1

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The Frankfort plane passes through the floor of the orbit and the external auditory meatus. 

The midsagittal plane divides the body in half into right and left sides.

If the client’s lips are not closed on the bite-block during the exposure of a panoramic film, a dark radiolucent shadow results that obscures the anterior teeth

If the client’s chin is positioned too high a “reverse smile line” is apparent on the radiograph

If the client’s chin is positioned too low or is tipped down an “exaggerated smile line” is apparent on the radiograph.

If the client’s teeth are positioned too far forward on the bite-block or anterior to the focal trough, the anterior teeth appear “skinny” and out of focus.

If the client’s teeth are positioned too far back on the bite-block or posterior to the focal trough, the anterior teeth appear “fat” and out of focus. 

If the client’s head is not centered the ramus and posterior teeth appear unequally magnified on the panoramic radiograph.The side farthest from the film appears magnified.

If the client is not standing or sitting with a straight spine, the cervical spine appears as a radiopacity in the center of the film and obscures diagnostic information.

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The angle of the mandible is the region of the mandible where the body and the ramus of the mandible meet