1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses

a subject, predicate, and all the words that go with them

a clause that can stand on its own as a complete thought

a clause that is not a complete thought because it begins with a subordinating conjunction

words like "if," "when," and "because" that begin dependent clauses

-words like "and," "but," and "so" that join words, phrases, and independent clauses (FANBOYS - for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

a group of words in a sentence that is unnecessary but add more information about a noun; separated by comma(s) - My best friend, the one with the red coat, likes to play basketball.

the author's attitude

the distinctive way a writer uses word choice and sentence structure to express her ideas

words that help organize ideas in a text and guide the reader

the writer's position on an issue or problem; what they want the audience to do or believe

a statement of an opposing position

words that appear to be verbs but are acting as other parts of speech

a verb ending in "ing" that is used as a noun - Running is my favorite sport.

a verb ending in "ing," "ed," or sometimes "en" that is used as an adjective - The boy, dribbling the ball down the court, is cute.

to + a verb - I like to play football.

the subject performs the action in a sentence

the subject of the sentence receives the action

tells the time of the action (past, present, future)

- encapsulates rules for a language - such rules include structure of words, sentence elements, and combination of those attributes

a punctuation mark indicating a pause between parts of a sentence, whole sentences, or items in a list

a punctuation mark used to indicate a sudden break in thought, to set off a word or phrase, or to show range (adds drama)

a punctuation mark indicating the omission of words in a thought or quotation, a trailing off of speech, or a pause

a punctuation mark that connects words or numbers with two words