Introducing an irrelevant point into an argument. Someone may think (or may want us to think) it proves his side, but it really doesn’t.

When someone uses a double standard or argues for an unjustified exception

Condemning an argument because of where it began, how it began, or who began it.

Dismissing someone’s viewpoint on an issue because he himself is inconsistent in that very thing.

Using someone who has no special knowledge in the area being discussed as an authority.

When we claim that our viewpoint is correct because many other people agree with it.

Changing or exaggerating an opponent’s position to make it easier to refute.

An argument which says “P is true because Q is true, and Q is true because P is true”.

Changing the meaning of a word in the middle of an argument.

When someone asks a question with a sneaky assumption hidden inside the question.

Assuming that if we take one step, nothing will stop us from taking a series of steps because each step is the same.

When someone says that what is true of part of something must also be true of the whole thing.

When someone says that what is true of something as a whole must also be true of each of its parts.

When someone asserts that we must choose between two things, when in fact we have more than two alternatives.

Generalizing about a class based upon a small or poor sample.

If the differences between the items being compared are major and the similarities minor, then we call that analogy a...

“after this, therefore because of this.”

Concluding that since A happened before B, A must have caused B.

Claiming something is true simply because nobody has yet given any evidence to the contrary.

A propaganda technique that is used when someone makes you fear the consequences of not doing what he wants.

When someone tries to make us do something only because we pity him or we pity something associated with him, he is using this propaganda technique

This technique pressures us to do something just because many other people like us are doing it.

This propaganda technique is used when nothing more than a time limit is given as a reason for us to do what someone wants.

Repeating a message loudly and very often in the hope that we will believe it.

Getting us to transfer our good or bad feelings about one thing to another unrelated thing.

"THE OPPOSITE OF BANDWAGON"

Getting us to transfer our good or bad feelings about one thing to another unrelated thing.

This appeal occurs when someone encourages us to buy some product or to take some action because it is associated with things of the past.

A technique that encourages us to buy something because it is the “latest thing” – not necessarily because it is the best thing.